Dispersions containing ketoprofen nanoparticles were prepared as follows: ketoprofen powder was added to MC solution in purified water, and subjected to wet milling. The milling (3000 rpm, 30 s × 30 times) was performed by a Bead Smash 12 at 4 °C (Wakenyaku Co. Ltd., Kyoto, Japan) [20 (link),42 (link)]. The dispersions containing ketoprofen nanoparticles were mixed with carboxypolymethylene, and the gelled-mixture containing ketoprofen nanoparticles was used as the transdermal formulation containing ketoprofen nanoparticles (KET-NPs formulation). The composition of the KET-NPs formulation was as follows: 1.5% ketoprofen, 0.5 MC, 3% carboxypolymethylene. The particle size and number of ketoprofen particles was measured by a NANOSIGHT LM10 (QuantumDesign Japan, Tokyo, Japan) as follows: viscosity of the suspension, 1.27 mPa∙s; wavelength, 405 nm (blue); time 60 s. Images of the particles were evaluated using a SPM-9700 (Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan).
Nanosight lm10
Manufactured by Quantum Design
Sourced in Japan
The NANOSIGHT LM10 is a compact and versatile instrument designed for the visualization and analysis of nanoparticles and macromolecules in liquid suspension. The system utilizes innovative nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) technology to provide real-time measurements of particle size, concentration, and motion characteristics.
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12 protocols using nanosight lm10
1
Formulation of Ketoprofen Nanoparticles for Transdermal Delivery
2
Nanoparticle Size Analysis of Rebamipide
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A nanoparticle size analyzer laser diffraction SALD-7100 (Shimadzu Corp.) with the refractive index set to 1.60–0.10i was used to measure the size distribution of rebamipide particles in REB-MPs and REB-NPs. The size distribution and number of nanoparticles in REB-NPs were analyzed by a dynamic light scattering NANOSIGHT LM10 (QuantumDesign Japan, Tokyo, Japan). The measurement time was as 60 s, and wavelength and viscosity of the suspension were set to 405 nm (blue) and 1.27 mPa·s, respectively. A scanning probe microscope SPM-9700 (Shimadzu Corp.) was used to obtain an atomic force microscopic (AFM) image in this study.
3
Transdermal Formulation Characterization of IND-NPs
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The characteristics of the transdermal formulation based on IND-NPs were determined according to our previous reports [10 (link),11 (link),13 (link),14 (link),16 (link)]. Briefly, the zeta potential of IND-NPs was measured using a model 502 zeta-potential analyzer (Nihon Rufuto Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The particle-size distribution and number of IND-NPs were determined by a NANOSIGHT LM10 (QuantumDesign Japan, Tokyo, Japan), and the measurement conditions were as follows: time 60 s, viscosity of the suspension 1.27 mPa∙s, and wavelength 405 nm. The viscosity of the IND transdermal formulations was measured at 22 °C by a Brookfield digital viscometer (Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Inc., Middleboro, MA, USA). The soluble IND and solid IND (IND-NPs) in the transdermal formulations were separated by centrifugation (1 × 105 g) using an OptimaTM MAX-XP Ultracentrifuge (Beckman Coulter, Osaka, Japan), and the levels of soluble IND and IND-NPs were analyzed by the HPLC method described below.
4
Characterization of Lipid-Based Nanoparticles
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The TL formulations were diluted in distilled water and used as samples for measurement. The size dispersion of the TL-MPs-Gel was analyzed on a SALD-7100 (Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan) with the refractive index set at 1.60-0.10i. In addition, the size distribution and number of nanoparticles in the TL-NPs-Gel were measured using a NANOSIGHT LM10 (QuantumDesign Japan, Tokyo, Japan) with the viscosity, wavelength and measurement time set to 1.27 mPa⋅s, 405 nm and 60 s, respectively. Atomic force microscopic (AFM) images were provided by a SPM-9700 (Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan) according to previous report [33 (link)].
5
Characterization of Indomethacin Nanoparticles
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Particle images were obtained under an atomic force microscope (AFM) using SPM-9700 (Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan). The AFM image of IMC-NPs was created by combining a phase and height image. The particle size of indomethacin was measured by dynamic light scattering Nanosight LM10 (QuantumDesign Japan, Tokyo, Japan), a laser diffraction particle size analyzer SALD-7100 (Shimadzu Corp.); the number of indomethacin nanoparticles was also determined using the Nanosight LM10. The conditions for Nanosight LM10 were as follows: measurement time, 60 seconds; wavelength, 405 nm (blue); viscosity of the suspension, 1.27 mPa·s. The refractive index was set at 1.60–0.010i in the SALD-7100.
6
Characterizing Indomethacin Nanoparticles
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The size and number of indomethacin nanoparticles were measured by both a laser diffraction particle-size analyzer SALD-7100 (Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan) and dynamic light-scattering NANOSIGHT LM10 (QuantumDesign Japan, Tokyo, Japan), and the indomethacin nanoparticles images were provided by an SPM-9700 (Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan). The conditions for the NANOSIGHT LM10 were as follows: measurement time, 60 s; wavelength, 405 nm (blue); viscosity of the suspension; 1.27 mPa∙s. The refractive index was set at 1.60-0.010i in the SALD-7100, and the AFM indomethacin nanoparticle image was created by a combination of phase and height images.
7
Characterization of Fluorescent Nanoparticle Eye Drops
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A laser diffraction particle size analyzer SALD-7100 (Shimadzu Corp.) was used to measure particle size with the refractive index set at 1.60–0.010i. Particle distribution and the number of FL-NPs were determined by Nanosight LM10 (QuantumDesign Japan, Tokyo, Japan) with the time, wavelength and viscosity set at 60 s, 405 nm (blue), and 1.27 mPa⋅s, respectively. An SPM-9700 (Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan) was used to obtain atomic force microscopy (AFM) images created by combining phase and height images. The viscosity at 20 °C and the zeta potential of the eye drops were measured by a SV-1A (A&D Company, Limited, Tokyo, Japan), a micro-electrophoresis zeta potential analyzer model 502 (Nihon Rufuto Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan), respectively.24 (link) The solubilized and non-solubilized FL in the eye drops were separated by centrifugation at 100,000 g using an OptimaTM MAX-XP Ultracentrifuge (Beckman coulter, Osaka, Japan), and the levels of solubilized and non-solubilized FL were measured by HPLC.
8
Characterization of Ophthalmic Nanodispersions
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The characteristics of the ophthalmic formulations were measured following our previous reports [11 (link),17 (link)]. Dynamic light scattering with NANOSIGHT LM10 (QuantumDesign Japan, Tokyo, Japan) was used to measure the particle size distribution, and the atomic force microscope (AFM) images of LAN-ONSs and NIL-ONSs were obtained with a scanning probe microscope SPM-9700 (Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan).
9
Characterization of MXD Powder and Nanoparticles
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The particle sizes of the MXD powder and NPs were measured by a particle size analyzer SALD-7100 (Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan). The refractive index in the SALD-7100 was set at 1.60-0.010i. In addition, the size and number of NPs in N-MXD were detected by NANOSIGHT LM10 (QuantumDesign Japan, Tokyo, Japan) with the measurement conditions set as follows: viscosity of the suspension; 0.904 mPa∙s-0.906 mPa∙s, wavelength 405 nm, time 60 s. An atomic force microscope (AFM) image was obtained using a scanning probe microscope (SPM)-9700 (Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan), and the AFM image was created by combining phase and height images. The zeta potential was evaluated using a Zeta Potential Meter Model 502 (Nihon Rufuto Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan).
10
Characterization of MPCP Nanoparticles
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A NANOSIGHT LM10 (Quantum Design Japan, Tokyo, Japan) was used to measure the size and number of MPCP nanoparticles—the measurement was performed for 60 s at 405 nm. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images were obtained via an A SPM-9700 (Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan), and AFM images were created by combining the phase and height images. The viscosity of MPCP was measured with an SV-1A at 10–40 °C (A&D Company, Limited, Tokyo, Japan) [14 (link)]. To confirm the wettability, defined as the tendency of one fluid to spread on or adhere to a solid surface, we performed contact angle measurements in 0.1% MPCP and 0.1% MPC-BMA aqueous solutions. In total, 1 µL of each of the 0.1% MPCP and 0.1% MPC-BMA aqueous solutions (or purified water as a control) was dropped onto a slide glass, and the contact angle was measured using a contact angle meter (DropMaster500, Kyowa Interface Science Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan).
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