Solvents were LC–MS grade, and all other chemicals were analytical grade. All were from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany) unless otherwise stated. Water was purified using a Milli-Q system (Millipore, Bedford, MA). ESI–TOF tune mix was purchased from Agilent Technologies (Torrance, CA, USA).
Reference standards of mycotoxins and microbial metabolites (approximately 1500, 95 % of fungal origin) had been collected over the last 30 years [9 (link), 22 (link), 23 (link)], either from commercial sources, as gifts from other research groups, or from our own projects. Approximately one-third of the standards were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Axxora (Bingham, UK), Cayman (Ann Arbor, MI), TebuBio (Le-Perray-en-Yvelines, France), Biopure (Tulln, Austria), Calbiochem, (San Diego, CA), and ICN (Irvine, CA). Standards were maintained dry at −20 °C, and were compared with original UV–VIS data, accurate mass, and relative RT from previous studies [22 (link)].
Culture extracts in the examples originated from three-point cultures on solid media, incubated for seven days in darkness at 25 °C, and extracted using a (3:2:1) (ethyl acetate:dichloromethane:methanol) mixture [24 ]. Penicillium melanoconidium IBT 30549 (IBT culture collection, author’s address) was grown on CYA, and A. carbonarius IBT 31236 (ITEM5010) was grown on YES [24 ].
Reference standards of mycotoxins and microbial metabolites (approximately 1500, 95 % of fungal origin) had been collected over the last 30 years [9 (link), 22 (link), 23 (link)], either from commercial sources, as gifts from other research groups, or from our own projects. Approximately one-third of the standards were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Axxora (Bingham, UK), Cayman (Ann Arbor, MI), TebuBio (Le-Perray-en-Yvelines, France), Biopure (Tulln, Austria), Calbiochem, (San Diego, CA), and ICN (Irvine, CA). Standards were maintained dry at −20 °C, and were compared with original UV–VIS data, accurate mass, and relative RT from previous studies [22 (link)].
Culture extracts in the examples originated from three-point cultures on solid media, incubated for seven days in darkness at 25 °C, and extracted using a (3:2:1) (ethyl acetate:dichloromethane:methanol) mixture [24 ]. Penicillium melanoconidium IBT 30549 (IBT culture collection, author’s address) was grown on CYA, and A. carbonarius IBT 31236 (ITEM5010) was grown on YES [24 ].