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4 protocols using 32p ppi

1

Enzymatic Assay for Pyrophosphate

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Proline, ATP, and other reagents including metal salts and buffers were from Sigma (>99% pure)). [γ−32P]-ATP and [32P]-PPi were from Perkin Elmer. Primers for site-directed mutagenesis and PCR were from Integrated DNA Technologies. Inorganic pyrophosphatase (PPiase) and reagents for in vitro transcription were from Fisher Scientific.
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2

Human pol β purification and assay

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Human pol β was expressed and purified44 (link). Chlodronate, etidronate, imidodiphosphate, pamidronate, and pyrophosphate were from Sigma-Aldrich. The β,γ-imido modified nucleoside triphosphate analog, 2′-deoxyguanosine-5′-[(β,γ)-imido]triphosphate (dGMPPNP), was from Jena Bioscience. Chain terminating nucleoside triphosphates; ddCTP was from GE Healthcare, 3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine triphosphate (AZTTP) and arabinofuranosylcytosine triphosphate (araCTP) were from Trilink Biotechnologies, and gemcitabine (dFdCTP) was obtained from Jena Bioscience. [α-35S]dATP, [α-32P]dCTP, and [32P]PPi were from Perkin Elmer. Polyethyleneimine (PEI) cellulose thin layer chromatography (TLC) plates containing a fluorescent indicator were purchased from EMD Millipore.
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3

Human pol β purification and assay

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Human pol β was expressed and purified44 (link). Chlodronate, etidronate, imidodiphosphate, pamidronate, and pyrophosphate were from Sigma-Aldrich. The β,γ-imido modified nucleoside triphosphate analog, 2′-deoxyguanosine-5′-[(β,γ)-imido]triphosphate (dGMPPNP), was from Jena Bioscience. Chain terminating nucleoside triphosphates; ddCTP was from GE Healthcare, 3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine triphosphate (AZTTP) and arabinofuranosylcytosine triphosphate (araCTP) were from Trilink Biotechnologies, and gemcitabine (dFdCTP) was obtained from Jena Bioscience. [α-35S]dATP, [α-32P]dCTP, and [32P]PPi were from Perkin Elmer. Polyethyleneimine (PEI) cellulose thin layer chromatography (TLC) plates containing a fluorescent indicator were purchased from EMD Millipore.
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4

Monitoring Amino Acid Activation by ATP/PP_i Exchange

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Amino acid activation was monitored using ATP/PPi exchange as previously described [60 ]. Reactions were performed at 37°C in 100 mM HEPES pH 7.2, 30 mM KCl, 10 mM MgCl2, 2 mM NaF, 2 mM ATP, 2 mM [32P]-PPi (Perkin Elmer), 90 μM alanine, 160 nM AlaRS, and DMSO or aaRS inhibitor. At increasing time points, aliquots of the reaction mixture were quenched in a charcoal solution containing 1% activated charcoal, 5.6% HClO4, and 75 mM PPi. Quenched reactions were vacuum filtered on to 3MM Whatman filter discs, washed three times with 5 mL of water and once with 5 mL of ethanol. After drying the filter discs, charcoal-bound radiolabeled ATP was quantified on a scintillation counter. Relative endpoint amino acid activation was determined by comparing the inhibitor-treated enzymes to their respective DMSO control samples.
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