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8 protocols using sulfonimide lithium salt

1

Synthesis of Highly Porous Carbide-Derived Carbon

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Carbide derived carbon (CDC, amorphous TiC-800, specific surface area of 1470 m2 g−1, total volume of pores 0.71 cm3 g−1, volume of micro-pores 0.59 cm3 g−1 and average pore size of 0.97 nm) was obtained from Skeleton Technologies Ltd. (Tallinn, Estonia). Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (NaDBS, 99%), ethylene glycol (EG, 99.8%), bis(trifluoromethane) sulfonimide lithium salt (LiTFSI, 99.95%), phosphotungstic acid hydrate (PTA, PW12O403−, reagent grade), ethanol (technical grade) and propylene carbonate (PC, 99%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Taufkirchen, Germany) and used as supplied. Pyrrole (Py, ≥98%) from Sigma-Aldrich was distilled prior to use and stored at low temperature. Milli-Q+ (deionized water, Tallinn, Estonia) was applied as a solvent.
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2

Perovskite Solar Cell Fabrication

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Bismuth iodide (BiI3), bismuth
bromide (BiBr3), copper iodide (CuI), titanium diisopropoxide
bis(acetylacetonate) (TDBA, 75 wt % in isopropanol), dimethylsulfoxide
(DMSO), hydroiodic acid (HI, 57%), chlorobenzene (CB, extra dry, 99.8%),
acetonitrile (99.9%), 4-tert-butylpyridine (4-tBP),
and bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide lithium salt (LiTFSI, 99.95%)
were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Tris[2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-4-tert-butylpyridine]cobalt(III)tri[bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide]
(FK209 Co(III), >98%) was purchased from Dyenamo. Dimethylformamide
(DMF), silver iodide (AgI), and toluene were purchased from Alfa Aesar.
2,2′,7,7′-Tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxy phenylamino)-9,9-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD)
was purchased from Lumtec. Fluorine-doped tin(IV) oxide (FTO)-coated
glass substrates of 2 cm × 2 cm were purchased from Yingkou Opv
Tech New Energy Technology Co.
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3

Fabrication of Lithium-Ion Solid Electrolyte

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All chemicals and solvents were used as received without further purification. Titanium foil (99.5%, 100 μm in thickness), copper foil (99.9%, 30 μm in thickness), and copper mesh were purchased from Nilaco Corporation. Iron(ii) chloride tetrahydrate (FeCl2·4H2O, 98%), ammonium tetrafluoroborate (NH4BF4, 97%), 4,4′-bipyridine, 2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine (98%), 1-iodohexane, bis(trifluoromethane) sulfonimide lithium salt (LiTFSI, 99.95%), and lithium metal were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The Li+-ion solid electrolyte was purchased from Ohara Corporation. Ethylene carbonate (EC, water content < 30 ppm) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC, water content < 30 ppm) were obtained from Kishida Chemicals. The polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder was obtained from MTI Corporation. N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) was obtained from J&K Chemicals. Super P carbon was obtained from TIMCAL.
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4

Perovskite Solar Cell Fabrication

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Camphorsulfonic acid (CSA) (≥98.0%), dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), 1-butanol, acetonitrile, bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide lithium salt, 2,2′,7,7′-Tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9′-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD), methylammonium iodide (MAI), and PbI2 were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich. Titanium diisopropoxide bis(acetylacetonate) (TAA) and cobalt dopant FK209 TFSI salt were acquired from Merck.
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5

Halloysite-Nickel Hybrid Anode Protocol

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Esan Eczacıbaşı Industrial Raw Materials Company supplied halloysite. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4, 98%), nickel chloride hexahydrate (NiCl2·6H2O, 99.9%), ammonium chloride (NH4Cl, 99.5%), ammonia solution (NH3·H2O, 28 wt.%), anhydrous ethanol, lithium nitrate (LiNO3, 99.99%), bis(trifluoromethane) sulfonimide lithium salt (LiTFSI, anhydrous, 99.99%), N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP, anhydrous, 99.5%), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), 1, 2‐dimethoxyethane (DME, anhydrous, 99.5%), sulfur powder, and 1, 3‐dioxolane(DOL, anhydrous, 99.8%) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich. All reagents and materials were utilized without any further treatments or purifications.
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6

Perovskite Solar Cell Precursor Materials

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Formamidinium iodide (FAI, 99.5%), methylammonium iodide (MAI, 99.5%), and methylammonium bromide (MABr, 99.5%) were obtained from Xi'an Polymer Light Technology Corp, China. Lead iodide (PbI2, 99.99%), lead bromide (PbBr2, 99%), and cesium iodide (CsI, 99%) were purchased from TCI. Bis(trifluoromethane) sulfonimide lithium salt (Li-TFSI, 99.95%), anhydrous dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 99.9%), anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.8%), 4-tert-butylpyridine (98%), anhydrous chlorobenzene (CB, 99.8%), anhydrous acetonitrile (99.8%), anhydrous 1-butanol (99.8%), and SnCl2·2H2O (99.995%) were received from Sigma-Aldrich. K2SnO3·3H2O (99.5%), urea (99.995%), YCl3·6H2O (99.99%), LaCl3·6H2O (99.99%), ScCl3·6H2O (99.9%), and ethylene glycol (EG, 99%) were obtained from Aladdin. All the chemicals were used as received without further purification. Deionized water (resistivity > 18 MΩ) was obtained through a Millipore water purification system. Prepatterned fluorine-doped tin oxide-coated (FTO) substrates with a sheet resistance of 14 Ω sq−1 were purchased from Pilkington.
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7

Perovskite Solar Cell Fabrication Protocol

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Cesium iodide (CsI, 99.998%), lead bromide (PbBr2, 99.999%), lead iodide (PbI2, 99.999%), phenethylammonium bromide (PEABr, 99.5%), and Spiro‐OMeTAD were purchased from Xi'an Polymer Light Technology Corp. Cesium bromide (CsBr, 99.9%) and SnO2 colloid precursor (tin (IV) oxide) were purchased from Alfa‐Aesar. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 99.8%), bis‐(trifluoromethane) sulfonimide lithium salt (LiTFSI, 96% purity), 4‐tBP (96% purity), methanol (99.8%), chlorobenzene (99.8%), 2‐methoxyethanol (99.8%), ethanolamine (99.5%), and zinc acetate dihydrate (Zn(CH3COO)2 · 2H2O, 99.0%) were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich. Tris(2‐(1H‐pyrazol‐1‐yl)‐4‐tert‐butylpyridine)‐cobalt(III)Tris(bis‐(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide)) (FK209) was purchased from Dyesol. All the materials were used without purification.
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8

Synthesis and Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells

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Cs 2 CO 3 (99.9%), octadecene (ODE, 90%), oleic acid (OA, 90%), oleylamine (OlAm, technical grade, 70%), lead(II) iodide (PbI 2 , 99%), hexane (≥95%), methyl acetate (MeOAc, anhydrous), ethyl acetate (EA, 97%), titanium diisopropoxide bis(acetylacetonate) (TDBA, 75 wt% in isopropanol), bis(trifluoro-Fig. 6 Stability of unencapsulated PSCs with 135@NCs, 150@NCs, or methane)sulfonimide lithium salt (Li-TFSI, 99.95%), chlorobenzene (extra dry, 99.8%), acetonitrile (99.9%), and 4-tertbutyilpyridine (4-tBP) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. 2,2′,7,7′-Tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9′-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD, 99%) and tris[2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-4tert-butylpyridine]cobalt(III)tri[bis-(trifluoromethane) sulfonimide] (FK209, >98%) were purchased from Lumtec and Dyenamo, respectively. All chemicals were used without further purification.
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