Silymarin sil

Ethanol, nitroblue tetrazolium salt, xanthine, copper chloride, glutathione, xanthine oxidase from bovine milk (0.1–0.4 units/mg of protein), glutathione reductase from baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 100–300 units/mg of protein), and silymarin (SIL) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). F-12 medium, fetal bovine serum (FBS) and penicillin/streptomycin were obtained from Hyclone (Logan, UT, USA). Antibodies against ADH, ALDH1/2, CYP2E1, SOD, GPx, β-actin, and horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-goat IgG were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotech (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Anti-phospho-JNK, JNK, phospho-ERK, ERK, phospho-p38, p38, and horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG were purchased from Cell Signaling technology Inc. (Beverly, MA, USA). CAT antibody was purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA). All other chemicals in this study were analytical grade.

Bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC, Fig 1) was purchased from TCI America (Portland, OR, USA). Silymarin (SIL) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). Anti-β-actin, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)-α, γ, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) α, sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP), fatty acid synthase (FAS) antibodies were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α antibodies and biotinylated antibodies for mouse IL-6 and TNF-α were purchased from BD Biosciences (San Jose, CA, USA). Anti-pThr172- 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and anti-AMPK antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA). SREBP-1c, PPAR-α, PPAR-γ, FAS, and GAPDH oligonucleotide primers were purchased from Bioneer Corp. (Daejeon, Korea).