Bovine serum albumin (bsa)

Streptavidin, 3‐Glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS), and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were obtained from Energy Chemical Co., Ltd. The UV‐cleavable oligonucleotide linkers modified with biotin and PCR primer pairs were synthesized by Sangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. The water purification system was bought from ELGA (London, UK). The PCR chemicals, included 10×PCR buffer, dNTPs mixture, and Taq polymerase, were all purchased from TaKaRa Biotechnology (Dalian) Co., Ltd. The fluorescent dye for NA was bought from Invitrogen.
In this work, silica capillaries (1.7 mm i.d. × 3.0 mm o.d.) were purchased from Guanxiu Quartz Co., Ltd. (Lianyungang, China). The semiconductor heater was fabricated by Wenext Co., Ltd. (Shenzhen, China). The temperature controller (REX C100) was obtained from Yixin Sinilink Co., Ltd. (Qingdao, China). The semiconductor heater and temperature sensor were obtained from Haoyi Thermal Electrics Factory (Guangzhou, China). The fluorescence imaging system was bought from Oeabt Optical Technology (China) Co., Ltd.

Iron (III) chloride hexahydrate, magnesium acetate tetrahydrate, tetrachloroauric (III) acid tetrahydrate, glutaraldehyde, ethylene glycol, anhydrous ethanol, oleylamine (OLM), and Triton X-100 were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Branched polyethyleneimine (PEI, MW 25000) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Burlington, MA, USA). Bovine serum albumin (BSA), trimethoxysilylpropanethiol (3-MPTMS), 1-ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl] carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC·HCl), and sodium 1-hydroxy-2,5-dioxopyrrolidine-3-sulfonate (Sulfo-NHS) were purchased from Energy Chemical Co., Ltd. (Bingham, Nottinghamshire, UK). All chemicals were used as received without purification. Phosphate buffer solution (PBS, 0.01 M, pH 7.4), MES buffer solution (0.01 M, pH = 6.0), and HEPES buffer solution (0.01 M, pH = 7.4) were freshly prepared before use. The Anti-HE4 monoclonal antibody (Ab₁&Ab₂), AFP, CA199, and CEA were purchased from Shanghai Linc-Bio Science Co., LTD (Shanghai, China). Goat anti-mouse IgG antibody, sample pads, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) substrate, nitrocellulose (NC) membranes, absorbent pads, and plastic adhesive cards were purchased from Shanghai Joey Biotechnology Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China).

2,2′-(Ethylenedioxy)bis(ethylamine), dopamine hydrochloride and D-mannose were obtained from Xianding Biotechnology Co. (Shanghai, China). Methyl pentafluorobenzoate and aminoacetic acid was obtained from Shanghai Aladdin Bio-Chem Technology Co. (Shanghai, China). N-acetyl-d-glucosamine and l-fucose were obtained from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co. (Shanghai, China). Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and d-galactose were obtained from Energy Chemical (Shanghai, China). SBA, WGA, PNA, and UEA-I were obtained from Vector Laboratories (Burlingame, CA, USA). Con A, concanavalin A fluorescein conjugate (FITC-Con A) and tris(hydroxymethyl)amino-methane (Tris) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai, China).
¹³C, ¹⁹F and ¹H NMR spectra were recorded by using a Bruker AVANCE III HD 500 MHz Spectrometer (Karlsruhe, Germany) in CDCl₃. SEM-EDX were obtained using the S-4800 instrument (Hitachi Ltd.) with an accelerating voltage of 10.0 kV. The photochemistry in this work was undertaken with a Rayonet PRP-100 photochemical reactor (Branford, CT, USA). The experiments were carried out using an Attana QCM Cell-A200 (Stockholm, Sweden) (Figure 1). An Attana gold sensor (Stockholm, Sweden) was used for further modifications to obtain a carbohydrate sensor.