Hsc 4 cells

Cal‐27 cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA). HSC‐3 and HSC‐4 cells were purchased from the Japanese Collection of Research Bioresources (JCRB, Shinjuku, Japan). RAW264.7 cells were purchased from the Chinese Academy of Sciences (ATCC Number: TIB‐71, Beijing, China). THP‐1 cells were the kind gift of X. Zhou (State Key Laboratory of Sichuan University). Cal‐27, HSC‐3, HSC‐4 and RAW264.7 cells were maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) containing 10% FBS. THP‐1 monocytes were cultured in RPMI medium supplemented with 10% FBS. The generation of stable HSC‐3 cells with low RACK1 expression (sh‐RACK1) and HSC‐4 cells with RACK1 overexpression (OE‐RACK1) was performed as previously described (Zhang et al., 2016). All cells were cultured under a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO₂ at 37 °C.

Caco-2 cells were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, United States) and cultured in high-glucose Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) (Wako, Osaka, Japan) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 1 × minimal essential medium non-essential amino acids, 100 U/ml penicillin, and 100 μg/ml streptomycin at 37°C and 5% CO₂. HSC-4 cells were obtained from the Japanese Collection of Research Bioresources Cell Bank (Health Science Research Resources Bank, Osaka, Japan) and cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 U/ml penicillin, and 100 μg/ml streptomycin at 37°C and 5% CO₂.