Xylulose

Acetate (ACE), acetyl coenzyme A (ACCOA), alpha-ketoglutaric acid (AKG), dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), erythrose-4-phosphate (E4P), ethanol (EtOH), fructose-6-phosphate (F6P), glucose (GLU), glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP), glycerol (GOL), malate (MAL), phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), pyruvate (PYR), ribose-5-phosphate (R5P), ribulose-5-phosphate (RU5P), sedoheptulose-7-phosphate (S7P), succinate (SUC), xylitol (XOL), xylose (XYL), xylulose (XYLU) and all solvents as such as sulphuric acid, tributylamine, acetonitrile and methanol used in HPLC and UHPLC-MS/MS analysis were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) in their highest purity. Ultrapure water (18.2 MΩ) was obtained from a Direct 16 Milli-Q purification system (Millipore, Bedford, USA).

Wheat AX (medium viscosity, 31 centistokes) was obtained from Megazyme, CMC from Nacalai Tesque and soluble starch from Sigma-Aldrich. Monosaccharides d-xylose and d-glucose were purchased from Nacalai Tesque. Xylulose and l-arabinose were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Xylo-oligosaccharides (xylobiose, xylotriose, xylotetraose, xylopentaose, and xylohexaose; X1–X6) as standards for TLC were purchased from Megazyme and Silica Gel 60 F254 TLC plates (5 cm × 10 cm) were obtained from Merck. Colorimetric detection reagent, orcinol monohydrate, was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. α-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA) and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) were purchased from Shimadzu GLC. Angiotensin II, 3-aminoquinoline (3-AQ), and N-acetyl-renin substrate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate was purchased from Merck Millipore. Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) was purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries.