Combur 10 testd dipsticks

Urine samples were collected from healthy volunteers among the laboratory staff, aged 20–44 (N = 4), First morning void urine was processed within 3 h without adding protease inhibitors. Urine was anonymously labelled, tested with Combur 10 TestD Dipsticks (Roche Diagnostic, Basel, Switzerland) and pool together. Additionally, one volunteer assented to collect first and second morning urines during four consecutive days. Written informed consents were obtained from all participants. This study was approved by The Ethical Committee of Dublin City University. All experiments were performed in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki.

First and second morning urine was collected anonymously from 6 healthy volunteers (3 male and 3 female) aged 25–45 in 2 type of collections: void or consecutive (Fig. 1). The consecutive collection of urine in this study is defined as successive catch of the urinary consecutive sample in 50 ml Falcon tubes starting from the very first catch (Fig. 1b). More collection details are provided in Supplementary File. Urine was collected without adding protease inhibitors (15 ,28 ) and tested negative for leucocytes, nitrate, proteins, ketones, bilirubin, blood and normal for glucose and urobilinogen using the Combur 10 Test^®D Dipsticks (Roche Diagnostic, Basel, Switzerland). All samples were processed within 4 h from collection.