Glabridin

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States

Glabridin is a laboratory equipment product manufactured by Merck Group. It is a compound used in various research and analytical applications. The core function of Glabridin is to serve as a reference standard or analytical tool, enabling researchers and scientists to conduct their work effectively.

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Lab products found in correlation

12 protocols using glabridin

Tyrosinase Inhibitory Assay and Antioxidant Evaluation

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Tyrosinase from mushroom (SLBJ5647, activity of 5771 unit/mg), 3,4-dihydroxy-l-phenylalanine (l-DOPA), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), Folin and Ciocalteu’s Phenol reagent, 2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), sodium dihydrogen phosphate, 3-(4,5-dimethylthaizol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), kojic acid, gallic acid, quercetin, oxy resveratrol, resveratrol, and glabridin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Disodium hydrogen phosphate and disodium carbonate were supplied by Merck Millipore (Temecula, California, USA). l-ascorbic acid and aluminium choride were purchased from Ajax Finechem (Taren Point, Australia).

Panichakul T., Rodboon T., Suwannalert P., Tripetch C., Rungruang R., Boohuad N, & Youdee P. (2020). Additive Effect of a Combination of Artocarpus lakoocha and Glycyrrhiza glabra Extracts on Tyrosinase Inhibition in Melanoma B16 Cells. Pharmaceuticals, 13(10), 310.

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Licorice Compound Identification and Authentication

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All chemicals and reagents including HPLC-grade solvents were obtained from Fischer Scientific (Hanover Park, IL, USA). Licorice standards glycyrrhizin, glabridin, and licochalcone A were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Glycycoumarin was purchased from BioBioPha Co., Ltd. (Kunming Institute of Botany, China). For NMR acquisition, DMSO-d₆ (99.9% D) was purchased from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories Inc. (Andover, MA, USA). The PCR-grade tubes, tips, and most biological reagents used for DNA authentication, including the DNeasy Plant mini kit, were acquired from Qiagen (Valencia, CA, USA) and/or Thermo-Fisher Scientific and Beckman Coulter (Indianapolis, IN, USA). The BeadBug microtube homogenizer was purchased from Benchmark Scientific, Inc. (Edison, NJ, USA). The bovine serum albumin, BSA, was obtained from New Englands Biolabs (Ipswich, MA, USA). Seakem LE agarose for gel electrophoresis was purchased from Lonza (Rockland, ME, USA). The Ambion RNase-free water was acquired from Life Technologies.

Simmler C., Anderson J.R., Gauthier L., Lankin D.C., McAlpine J.B., Chen S.N, & Pauli G.F. (2015). Metabolite Profiling and Classification of DNA-Authenticated Licorice Botanicals. Journal of natural products, 78(8), 2007-2022.

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Isolation and Culture of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells

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The bone marrow was collected from healthy donors after obtaining written informed consent. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of Severance Hospital of Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea. As previously described, mononuclear cells were isolated by Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient centrifugation (Pharmacia Biotech, Uppsala, Sweden), and the MSCs were cultured using the plastic adherence method [14 (link)]. The cells were maintained in DMEM Low Glucose supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (P/S) at 37°C with 5% CO₂ (all from Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). The medium was changed every 3 or 4 days. The cells were subcultured using 0.05% trypsin/EDTA (Invitrogen) when they reached approximately 80–90% confluence. Glabridin (0.01–100 μM) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Heo J.S., Lee S.G, & Kim H.O. (2017). The Flavonoid Glabridin Induces OCT4 to Enhance Osteogenetic Potential in Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells International, 2017, 6921703.

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Antibacterial Evaluation of Glabridin

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The drug-sensitive strain MTCC 96 (ATCC9144) of S. aureus was procured from the Microbial Type Culture Collection, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology Chandigarh, India. Clinical isolates of S. aureus were obtained from Dr. K. N. Prasad (Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, SGPGIMS, Lucknow, India) (Gupta et al., 2012 (link)). Standard Mueller-Hinton agar and cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth media (MHA and MHB, Hi-Media, Mumbai, India) were used to culture bacteria. Tryptic soy broth (TSB, Hi-Media, Mumbai, India) medium was used for Biofilm assays. Glabridin, antibiotics, phosphate-buffered saline, DMSO, glucose and lysostaphin was procured from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, United States). Crystal Violet used in this study was used from Hi-Media (Mumbai, India). Trypsin Gold, Mass Spectrometry Grade was obtained from Promega (Madison, WI, United States). Taq DNA polymerase master mix, c-DNA synthesis kit and SYBR Green qPCR super mix was purchased from Genetix (Thermo, United States).

Gangwar B., Kumar S, & Darokar M.P. (2020). Glabridin Averts Biofilms Formation in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus by Modulation of the Surfaceome. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11, 1779.

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Intrathecal Glabridin, Fractalkine, and Inhibitor Injections

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Glabridin (, G9548, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was diluted in 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (D2650, DMSO; Sigma-Aldrich) for the injections. Recombinant fractalkine (Sigma-Aldrich, F2302), microglia inhibitor minocycline (ab120661, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), a neutralizing antibody against fractalkine (AF472, anti-fractalkine; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA), and a neutralizing antibody against CX3CR1 (AF5825, anti-CX3CR1; R&D Systems) were diluted in 10% DMSO for the injections. For the i.t. injections, the spinal cord puncture was performed with a 30 G needle between the L₄ and L₅ levels to deliver the drugs (5 µL) to the cerebral spinal fluid under brief anesthesia with sevoflurane [24 (link)].

Long J., Liu H., Qiu Z., Xiao Z, & Lu Z. (2023). Glabridin Therapy Reduces Chronic Allodynia, Spinal Microgliosis, and Dendritic Spine Generation by Inhibiting Fractalkine-CX3CR1 Signaling in a Mouse Model of Tibial Fractures. Brain Sciences, 13(5), 739.

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Synthesis of Glabridin Derivatives

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HSG4112 and other glabridin-derivative compounds were prepared at Glaceum Inc. (Suwon, Republic of Korea) following the protocols from Patent US9783551B2 [17 ]. glabridin was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Choi L.S., Jo I.G., Kang K.S., Im J.H., Kim J., Kim J., Chung J.W, & Yoo S.K. (2020). Discovery and preclinical efficacy of HSG4112, a synthetic structural analog of glabridin, for the treatment of obesity. International Journal of Obesity (2005), 45(1), 130-142.

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Standardized Glavonoid Extract Characterization

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Glabridin was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA (Code G9548). Glavonoid was provided by Kaneka Corporation (Osaka, Japan). We prepared Kaneka Glavonoid Rich Oil™ (Kaneka Corporation) for use in this study. Glavonoid is an extract rich in polyphenol-type substances, which derives from licorice (G. glabra) using previously described methods (Aoki et al., 2005 ; Tominaga et al., 2006 ). In brief, we obtained crude extract from root or rootstock of licorice by using ethanol and then performed an extraction of this ethanol extract with medium-chain triglycerides (fatty acid composition C8: C10 = 99:1). We standardized Glavonoid by using medium-chain triglycerides to a final concentration of 3.0% of the prenylated flavonoid Glabridin, which is the most abundant constituent of the polyphenol fraction contained in the extract. Glavonoid contains glabrene, glabrol, and 4ʹ-O-methylGlabridin as minor prenylated flavonoids, as well as 45 other identified polyphenol-type substances, and less than 0.005% (w/w) glycyrrhizin, as described previously (Aoki et al., 2005 ; Kuroda et al., 2010 (link)). In human tests, we used Kaneka Glavonoid, which is a commercially available soft gel capsule (Kaneka Your Health Care Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan). One capsule contains 300 mg of Glavonoid including 3.0% Glabridin as a guaranteed value.

Matsushita H., Isoguchi A., Okada M., Masuda T., Misumi Y., Tsutsui C., Yamaguchi N., Ichiki Y., Sawashita J., Ueda M., Mizuguchi M, & Ando Y. (2021). Glavonoid, a possible supplement for prevention of ATTR amyloidosis. Heliyon, 7(10), e08101.

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Phytochemical Analysis of Licorice Extracts

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CO 2 (99.98 % purity) was supplied from Carburos Metálicos (Madrid, Spain). Ethanol (99.8 % purity), Sodium Carbonate anhydrous (99.5% purity) and Folin-Ciocalteu´s reagent were purchased from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain). Gallic acid standard (> 98% purity), 2,2-Diphenyl-1-pycrilhydrazyl (DPPH, 95% purity), (±)-6-Hydroxy-2,5,7,8tetramethyllchromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox, 97% purity), liquiritin, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin, glabridin and glycyrrhizic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Orthophosphoric acid (85% purity) was purchased from Scharlab S.L. (Sentmenat, Spain). Acetonitrile (99,8% purity) was purchased from Macron (Poland).

Quintana S.E., Hernández D.M., Villanueva-Bermejo D., García‐Risco M.R., & Fornari T. (2020). Fractionation and precipitation of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) phytochemicals by supercritical antisolvent (SAS) technique. LWT, 126, 109315-109315.

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Synthesis of Glabridin Derivatives

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HSG4112 and other glabridin-derivative compounds were prepared at Glaceum Inc. (Suwon, Republic of Korea) following the protocols from Patent US9783551B2 [17] . glabridin was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Choi L.S., Jo I.G., Kang K.S., Im J.H., Kim J., Kim J., Chung J.W., & Yoo S.K. (2020). Discovery and preclinical efficacy of HSG4112, a synthetic structural analog of glabridin, for the treatment of obesity.

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Phytochemical Analysis of Licorice Extracts

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Quintana S.E., Hernández D.M., Villanueva-Bermejo D., García-Risco M.R, & Fornari T. (2020). Fractionation and precipitation of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) phytochemicals by supercritical antisolvent (SAS) technique. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft + [i.e. und] Technologie. Food science + technology. Science + technologie alimentaire, 126.

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