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6 protocols using k4fe cn 6

1

GUS Staining of Plant Nodules and Tissues

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GUS staining of nodules and nodule sections was carried out as described13 (link). Samples were fixed in ice-cold 90% acetone for 1 h, and then stained overnight at 37 °C with X-Gluc staining solution (containing 50 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.2, 0.5 mM K3Fe(CN)6 (potassium ferricyanide), 0.5 mM K4Fe(CN)6 (potassium ferro-cyanide) and 2 mM X-Gluc (Thermo Fisher Scientific)). A. tumefaciens-treated N. benthamiana leaves were collected 3 d after infection and were vacuum infiltrated for 15 min with X-Gluc staining solution containing 0.1% Triton X-100 and then incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. Chlorophyll was removed by washing the leaves with absolute ethanol before photography.
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2

Senescence Assay Protocol

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Cells were grown on 6-well (NuncTM, 140675) or 96-well plates and fixed with 0.5% glutaraldehyde (w/v) (Sigma–Aldrich) for 15 min, then washed with 1 mM MgCl2/PBS at pH 6.0 and incubated in X-Gal solution (5 mM K3(Fe(CN)6), 5 mM K4(Fe(CN)6) and 1 mg ml−1 of X-Gal by Thermo Scientific) for 6 h and 8 h in cancer cells and fibroblasts respectively, at 37 °C. Brightfield images were acquired using DP20 digital camera attached to an Olympus CKX41 inverted light microscope, at 4x and 10x magnification.
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3

High Concentration Saline Gradients for Power

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Aqueous sodium chloride solutions were prepared using 99% NaCl (Alfa-Aesar, Lancashire, UK) and deionised water. A 0.51 M concentrated feed and 0.02 M dilute feed, corresponding to standard sea/river water equivalent concentrations, were prepared, in order to benchmark data form the high concentration salinity gradient. A 4 M concentrated feed and 0.02 M dilute feed were used to develop the high concentration gradient, which has been previously identified as the most suitable concentration gradient to promote high power density [23 (link)]. The electrode rinse solution contained 0.1 M K3Fe(CN)6, 0.1 M K4Fe(CN)6 (Fisher Scientific, Leicestershire, UK) and 2 M NaCl (Alfa-Aesar, Lancashire, UK).
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4

Aqueous NaCl Solutions for Electrochemical Experiments

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Aqueous sodium chloride solutions were prepared using 99% NaCl (Alfa-Aesar, Lancashire, UK) and deionised water. Solutions of concentration 0 M, 0.005 M, 0.01 M, 0.02 M, 0.04 M, 0.08 M, and 0.16 M were prepared for the dilute feed and 0.5 M, 1 M, 2 M, 3 M, 4 M, 5 M and a saturated solution prepared for the concentrated feed. A 1 l volume of electrode rinse was circulated through the stack at 200 ml min−1. The electrode rinse solution contained 0.1 M K3Fe(CN)6, 0.1 M K4Fe(CN)6 (Fisher Scientific, Leicestershire, UK) and NaCl (Alfa-Aesar, Lancashire, UK). A NaCl concentration halfway between the concentrated and dilute concentrations was used to minimise salt and water transport between the feeds and electrode rinse.
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5

Ultrasensitive Pesticide Detection Assay

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TMB Liquid Substrate System, luminol, bovine serum albumin (BSA), KMnO4, K2PtCl4 (Pt, 44.99%), HAuCl4 (Au, 49.98%), Na2PdCl4 (Pd, 49.98%), ascorbic acid, PDDA, 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF), chlorpyrifos, parathion, methyl parathion, diazinon, malathion and fenitrothion were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (U.S.A.). Graphite, FeCl3, and K4[Fe(CN)6] were all provided by Alfa Aesar. Mouse monoclonal antibody for chlorpyrifos (antichlorpyrifos McAb) and chlorpyrifos–BSA bioconjugate were all obtained from Wuxi Determine Bio-Tech Co. Ltd. (China). Goat antimouse IgG was purchased from Abcam Inc. (USA). 40 nm gold nanoparticles were obtained from nanoComposix (U.S.A.). Nitrocellulose membrane, fiber sample pad, fiber conjugate pad and absorbent pad were purchased from Millipore Corp. (U.S.A.). Phosphate buffer saline (PBS, 0.10 M pH 7.4) containing 1.0% BSA and 0.05% Tween-20 was adopted as the blocking buffer for the pretreatment of the conjugate pad and absorbent pad. Polystyrene 96-well microplates were provided by Corning Incorporated (U.S.A.). Astragalus and Poria cocos were purchased from a local pharmacy in Chongqing (China) and water sample was collected from South Fork Palouse River outside of Washington State University. All other reagents of analytical grade were utilized as received without further treatment.
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6

Macroporous Silicon Monoliths with PS-b-P2VP

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Materials: Macroporous silicon with a pore diameter of 1 µm, a pore depth of 700 nm and a lattice constant of 1.5 µm was obtained from SmartMembranes (Germany). Cylinder-forming PS-b-P2VP (M n (PS) = 101 kg/mol, M n (P2VP) = 29 kg/mol, polydispersity = 1.6) was purchased from Polymer Source Inc. (Canada). Tetrahydrofuran (THF, ≥99.9%), ethanol (≥99.9%), rhodamine B (≥95%) and 1-dodecanethiol (≥98%) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich. PDMS prepolymer formulation (Sylgard® 184) was supplied by Dow Corning Corporation. K 2 S 2 O 3 , KOH, K 3 Fe(CN) 6 and K 4 Fe(CN) 6 were obtained from Alfa Aesar; 1-octanol was purchased from Merck. All chemicals were used without further purification. Silicon wafers as the substrates to prepare the macroporous PS-b-P2VP monoliths were cut into the size of 2 cm × 2 cm, ultrasonicated at least three times in ethanol and dried before use.
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