Pyridine

Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, Belgium, Canada, France

Pyridine is a colorless, flammable liquid organic compound with a distinct, unpleasant odor. It is commonly used as a solvent and a chemical intermediate in the production of various pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and other industrial chemicals.

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Anhydrous pyridine (4 citations) Pyridine borane (2 citations) Methoxyamine HCL in pyridine (2 citations)

82 protocols using pyridine

Isolation and Characterization of Lignins from Beech and Birch

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Lignins from beech (Be.OSL) and birch (Bi.OSL) were isolated from pilot runs (460 L scale) of the acetone organosolv Fabiola™ process^[21] performed at Fraunhofer CBP (Leuna, Germany). After fractionation, the lignin was precipitated from the liquor by dilution with three volumes of water and recovered by filtration using a chamber filter press. The lignins were dried overnight in a vacuum oven at 40 °C before analysis.
Ethyl acetate (EtOAc, ≥99.8 %), methanol (MeOH, ≥99.9 %), pyridine (≥99.9 %) and dimethylformamide (DMF, synthesis grade) were purchased from Fisher Scientific, ethanol (EtOH, absolute, ≥99.5 %), isopropanol (i‐prOH, GPR Rectapur) and acetone (technical grade) from VWR, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK, 2‐butanone, technical grade) and ethylene carbonate (EC, ≥99 %) from Acros Organics, 1‐propanol (1‐prOH, ≥99.9 %) from Alfa Aesar and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO, anhydrous, ≥99.9 %) from Sigma‐Aldrich. The chemicals were all used as received without purification.

Duval A., Layrac G., van Zomeren A., Smit A.T., Pollet E, & Avérous L. (2020). Isolation of Low Dispersity Fractions of Acetone Organosolv Lignins to Understand their Reactivity: Towards Aromatic Building Blocks for Polymers Synthesis. Chemsuschem, 14(1), 387-397.

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Comprehensive Protocol for Microbial Analyses

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Pro and Pep were purchased from the Nutrily Biotechnology, Ltd. (Anyang, Henan, China). Lactobacillus acidophilus JCM 1132 was purchased from the China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center (Beijing, China). Pepsin and trypsin were purchased from the Novozymes (Beijing, China). Bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay kit, acrylamide, glycine, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), Tris, urea and loading buffer were purchased from Solarbio (Beijing, China). Ammonium persulfate and tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) were purchased from Amersco (Framingham, USA). Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 was purchased from Bio-Rad (Richmond, CA, USA). MRS broth and MRS agar were purchased from Aobox Biotechnology, Ltd. (Beijing, China). Bis trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA), fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), methoxy amination hydrochloride, trimethyl chlorosilane (TMCS), standards of lactic acid, acetic acid, glycine, Gly-Gly-Gly, bacitracin and insulin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). 2-Chloro-l-phenylalanine was purchased from Hengbai Biological Technology, Ltd. (Shanghai, China). High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grades of acetonitrile, methanol, chloroform, pyridine and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Ottawa, ON, Canada).

Li W., Zhang Y., Li H., Zhang C., Zhang J., Uddin J, & Liu X. (2020). Effect of soybean oligopeptide on the growth and metabolism of Lactobacillus acidophilus JCM 1132. RSC Advances, 10(28), 16737-16748.

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Enzymatic Synthesis of Bioactive Compounds

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All chemicals used were reagent grade or
better. Tyrosol (Ty), homovanillyl alcohol (Hva), bis(trichloromethyl)
carbonate (triphosgene), dichloromethane, 2-propanol, hexane, deuterated
dimethyl sulfoxide (d⁶-DMSO), tetrahydrofurane (THF), trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), phosphate
buffered saline (PBS) and lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (EC3.1.1.3, minimum 10⁵ units g^–1)
were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Pyridine, hexane
and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF)
were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA).

Sommerfeld S.D., Zhang Z., Costache M.C., Vega S.L, & Kohn J. (2014). Enzymatic Surface Erosion of High Tensile Strength Polycarbonates Based on Natural Phenols. Biomacromolecules, 15(3), 830-836.

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Metabolomic Analysis of Diverse Compounds

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Sucrose, glucose, fructose, mannose, galactose, malic acid, inositol, citric acid, quinic acid, benzoic acid, fumaric acid, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, theronine, proline, glutamine, methionine, cystein, histidine, tyrosine, arginine, lysine, asparagine, aspartic acid, phenylalanine, glutamic acid, serine, threonine, tyrosine, γ-aminobutyric acid, methoxyamine hydrochloride solution (MOX) in pyridine (2%), N-methyl-(N-trimethylsilyl) trifluoracetamide (MSTFA), methylchloroformate (MCF), sodium hydroxide, pyridine, methanol, N,N-dimethylformamide, chloroform, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburg, PA, USA). Hydrindantin, ninhydrin, lithium hydroxide, and N-methyl-N- [tert-butyl dimethylsilyl]-trifluroacetamide (MTBSTFA), and amino acid standard mix were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Hijaz F, & Killiny N. (2014). Collection and Chemical Composition of Phloem Sap from Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck (Sweet Orange). PLoS ONE, 9(7), e101830.

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Green Polymer Synthesis from Jatropha Oil

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Formic acid (98%), pyridine (95%), and N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) (98%) were purchased from Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Triethylamine (TEA) (30%), hydrogen peroxide, dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTL) (98%), methanol (99.8%), phthalic anhydride, dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA), acetone (reagent grade), sodium hydroxide 0.5 N, and magnesium sulfate was purchased from R&M chemicals, Tamil Nadu, India. Isophrene diisocyanate (IPDI) (98%) and GNP (particle size: <2 µm, surface area: 300 m²/g) was purchased from Merck, Darmstadt, Germany, and 1–6 Hexanediol (HDO) was purchased from BDH Chemical LTD, Poole, England. Cellulose nanofiber was obtained from the Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Product (INTROP) (Serdang, Malaysia). Crude Jatropha oil was supplied by Biofuel Bionas Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Amri M.R., Md Yasin F., Abdullah L.C., Al-Edrus S.S, & Mohamad S.F. (2021). Ternary Nanocomposite System Composing of Graphene Nanoplatelet, Cellulose Nanofiber and Jatropha Oil Based Waterborne Polyurethane: Characterizations, Mechanical, Thermal Properties and Conductivity. Polymers, 13(21), 3740.

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Reagents and Compressed Gases Utilized

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Unless otherwise specified, all reagents were
purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Methanol and water (Optima
LC/MS grade), and pyridine, methylene chloride, and iso-octane (GC/pesticide
grade) were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Fair Lawn, NJ). Compressed
gases (methane, helium, and nitrogen) were ultrahigh purity grade
and purchased from Airgas (Madison, WI).

Peterson A.C., Hauschild J.P., Quarmby S.T., Krumwiede D., Lange O., Lemke R.A., Grosse-Coosmann F., Horning S., Donohue T.J., Westphall M.S., Coon J.J, & Griep-Raming J. (2014). Development of a GC/Quadrupole-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer, Part I: Design and Characterization. Analytical Chemistry, 86(20), 10036-10043.

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Ruthenium-Catalyzed Aldehyde Coupling Reactions

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Hydrocinnamaldehyde (Alfa), trans-cinnamaldehyde (Aldrich), pyridine (Fisher), triethylamine (Fisher), allyl methyl carbonate (Aldrich), benzaldehyde (Aldrich), furfural (Alfa), 4-methoxybenzaldehyde (Aldrich), 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde (Oakwood), were distilled prior to use. 4-Nitrobenzaldehyde was sublimed prior to use. Ruthenium(III) chloride hydrate and triruthenium dodecacarbonyl were purchased from Strem Chemical and stored and handled in a drybox and used as received. All other reagents were purchased from Aldrich, Fisher, Oakwood, or Strem and used as received.

Denmark S.E., Matesich Z.D., Nguyen S.T, & Sephton S.M. (2017). Catalytic Nucleophilic Allylation Driven by the Water–Gas Shift Reaction. The Journal of organic chemistry, 83(1), 23-48.

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Angiotensin-I-Converting Enzyme Activity Assay

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PKC was obtained from the My-4-Season company, Serdang, Malaysia. Hippuryl-l-Histidyl-l-Leucine (HHL), the angiotensin-I-converting enzyme from rabbit lung (2 units/mg protein) with CAS:9015-82-1 and captopril were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Sodium chloride, boric acid and sodium borate were purchased from Merck Co. (Darmstadt, Germany). Pyridine, benzene sulfonyl chloride (BSC), and hydrochloric acid were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Georgia, USA).

Zarei M., Ghanbari R., Zainal N., Ovissipour R, & Saari N. (2022). Inhibition kinetics, molecular docking, and stability studies of the effect of papain-generated peptides from palm kernel cake proteins on angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Food Chemistry: Molecular Sciences, 5, 100147.

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Characterization of Lignocellulosic Biomass

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Hard red winter wheat straw was collected from south-eastern Washington. The wheat straw sample was air-dried and milled to a specific size (mesh −40/+60), which was composed of 22.4 ± 0.1% lignin, 40.8 ± 0.6% cellulose, 29.2 ± 0.2% hemicellulose, and 3.4 ± 0.3% ash, and 3.2 ± 0.1% extractives. L(+)-Lactic acid (90% solution in water), ethanol (95%), choline chloride (99%), pyridine (99+%), and aniline (99+%) were purchased from Fisher Scientific. Pyrazole (>98%) was purchased from TCI America. Alkali Lignin (AL, CAS: 8068-05-1) and Technical Sodium Lignosulfonate (LS, CAS: 8061-51-6) samples were, respectively, purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and Spectrum Chemical. All chemicals were used as received.

Lin K.T., Wang C., Guo M.F., Aprà E., Ma R., Ragauskas A.J, & Zhang X. (2023). Lignin with controlled structural properties by N-heterocycle-based deep eutectic solvent extraction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 120(32), e2307323120.

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Photocrosslinkable PRINT Hydrogel Microparticles

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Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (M_n 700) (PEG₇₀₀DA), 2-aminoetheyl methacrylate hydrochloride (AEM), and Diphenyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phosphine oxide (TPO) were from Sigma-Aldrich. Tetraethylene glycol monoacrylate (HP₄A) was synthesized in-house as previously described (35 ). Thermo Scientific maleimide-terminated Dylight 650 and Dylight 488, PTFE syringe filters (13mm membrane, 0.220 µm pore size), dimethylformamide (DMF), triethanolamine (TEA), pyridine, sterile water, borate buffer (pH 8.6), Dulbecco’s 1× phosphate buffered saline (DPBS) (pH 7.4), acetic anhydride and methanol were obtained from Fisher Scientific. Methoxy-PEG(5k)-succinimidyl carboxy methyl ester (mPEG_5k-SCM) was purchased from Creative PEGWorks. Conventional filters (2 µm) were purchased from Agilent and polyvinyl alcohol (Mw 2000) (PVOH) was purchased from Acros Organics. Liquidia Technologies kindly provided the 80 nm × 320 nm PRINT molds used in these studies.

Robbins G., Roberts R., Guo H., Reuter K., Shen T., Sempowski G., McKinnon K.P., Su L., DeSimone J, & Ting J. (2015). Analysis of Human Innate Immune Responses to PRINT Fabricated Nanoparticles with Cross Validation Using a Humanized Mouse Model. Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine, 11(3), 589-599.

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