Castor oil

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, France, India

Castor oil is a colorless or pale yellow viscous liquid extracted from the seeds of the Ricinus communis plant. It is commonly used as a lubricant and in the production of various industrial and pharmaceutical products.

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Lab products found in correlation

Methanol, by Merck Group (14 mentions) Tween 80, by Merck Group (12 mentions) Ethanol, by Merck Group (8 mentions) Capryol 90, by Gattefosse (7 mentions) Labrasol, by Gattefosse (6 mentions) Tween 20, by Merck Group (6 mentions) Oleic acid, by Merck Group (5 mentions) Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (5 mentions) Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (5 mentions) Lauroglycol 90, by Gattefosse (4 mentions) Transcutol hp, by Gattefosse (4 mentions) Propylene glycol, by Tedia (4 mentions) Sesame oil, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Olive oil, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Transcutol, by Gattefosse (4 mentions) Acetone, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Isopropyl myristate, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Span 80, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Propylene glycol, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Acetic acid, by Merck Group (4 mentions)

Spelling variants of this product

Ethoxylated castor oil (4 citations) Castor oil (Ricinus communis L.) (3 citations) Polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil (2 citations) Polyethylene glycol-40 hydrogenated castor oil (PEG-40 HCO) (2 citations) Polyoxyl-35 castor oil, (2 citations)

63 protocols using castor oil

Probiotics Mitigate Salmonella and Castor Oil-Induced Diarrhea

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Mice received the probiotic (B. subtilis CU1, L. plantarum CNCM I-4547) or the saline solution (control) treatment (n = 8 each). Diarrhea was induced 24 h after the last administration of probiotic or saline solution. As previously described (Theodorou et al., 2002 (link); Girard et al., 2003 (link)), diarrhea was induced in DBA/2 mice by intravenous administration of Salmonella enteriditis LPS (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Quentin Fallavier, France) at a dose of 15 mg/kg, or intragastric administration (0.2 ml) of castor oil (Sigma) in NMRI mice. Mice were placed in individual cages with the bottom covered with aluminum foil, this allows fecal collection every 30 min during 120 min after LPS or castor oil administration. Each pool of fecal samples was weighed, heated at 100°C for 24 h, and weighed again. The difference between wet and dry matter corresponding to water excretion was used to evaluate diarrhea after LPS or castor oil.
To compare the efficacy of probiotic treatment, antidiarrheal reference loperamide (Sigma-Aldrich) was given orally, 1 h before LPS or castor oil administration, at a dose of 1 mg/kg.

Urdaci M.C., Lefevre M., Lafforgue G., Cartier C., Rodriguez B, & Fioramonti J. (2018). Antidiarrheal Action of Bacillus subtilis CU1 CNCM I-2745 and Lactobacillus plantarum CNCM I-4547 in Mice. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9, 1537.

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Formulation of Resveratrol-Loaded Nanoemulsion

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Resveratrol, castor oil, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) 1500 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Germany). Cremophor^® RH 60 was obtained from BASF (Germany). castor oil, m ethanol, ethanol, propylene glycol (PG), triethylamine, and sodium dihydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate were procured from Merck (Germany).

Mirzaeei S., Tahmasebi N, & Islambulchilar Z. (2022). Optimization of a Self-microemulsifying Drug Delivery System for Oral Administration of the Lipophilic Drug, Resveratrol: Enhanced Intestinal Permeability in Rat. Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 13(3), 521-531.

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Maintaining Clarity of Human Lenses

Cited 1 time

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Intact human lenses were obtained from the Cornea Bank, Amsterdam (Euro Tissue Bank, Beverwijk, The Netherlands). Lenses were shipped and stored in Castor Oil (Sigma Aldrich, Brøndby, Denmark) as previously described [18 (link)]. Lenses maintained optical clarity for several weeks in Castor Oil. The study adhered to the tenets of the Helsinki Declaration. The study was approved by the Regional Ethical Committee of the Capitol Region of Denmark (H-3-2011-035).

Holm T., Raghavan C.T., Nahomi R., Nagaraj R.H, & Kessel L. (2015). Effects of photobleaching on selected advanced glycation end products in the human lens. BMC Research Notes, 8, 5.

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Genetic Labeling of Fos-Expressing Neurons

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Fos^CreER mice were crossed to Ai6 mice to generate double heterozygous (FosTRAP) mice used for the labelling experiments. The mice were injected in the intra-cisterna magna (i.c.m.) compartment with 100 U of murine IL-4 (eBioscience) diluted in saline at a total volume of 3 μl. As control, mice were injected with the same volume of saline. After two hours, the mice were given an intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg kg⁻¹ of 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT; Sigma) dissolved in a 1:4 mixture of castor oil (Sigma): sunflower oil (Sigma). The drug preparation has been previously described (Guenthner et al., 2013 (link)). After one week, mice were sacrificed, and the brains were harvested for further analysis.

Herz J., Fu Z., Kim K., Dykstra T., Wall M., Li H., Salvador A.F., Zou B., Yan N., Blackburn S., Andrews P.H., Goldman D.H., Papadopoulos Z., Smirnov I., Xie X.S, & Kipnis J. (2021). GABAergic neuronal IL-4R mediates T cell effect on memory. Neuron, 109(22), 3609-3618.e9.

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Synthesis and Characterization of CYX-5

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Professor Tingyou Li and colleagues synthesised CYX-5 using our published method [18 (link)]. Other chemicals/reagents were from commercial sources as follows: morphine hydrochloride (Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital pharmacy, Herston, Queensland, Australia), xylazine (Troy Laboratories Pty Ltd, Smithfield, New South Wales, Australia), zoletil (Virbac Australia Pty Limited, Milperra, New South Wales, Australia), castor oil (Sigma-Aldrich, Castle Hill, NSW, Australia), malachite green dye (BDH Chemicals Ltd, Poole, United Kingdom); water for injection BP (Pfizer, West Ryde, NSW, Australia).

Imam M.Z., Kuo A., Ghassabian S., Cai Y., Qin Y., Li T, & Smith M.T. (2023). CYX-5, a G-protein biassed MOP receptor agonist, DOP receptor antagonist and KOP receptor agonist, evokes constipation but not respiratory depression relative to morphine in rats. Pharmacological Reports, 75(3), 634-646.

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4-OHT Induction and Cell Tracing

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4-hydroxytamoxifen (Sigma Aldrich, H6278) was dissolved at 20 mg/mL in ethanol by shaking at 37 °C for 15 min and was then aliquoted and stored at −20 °C for up to several weeks. Before use, 4-OHT was re-dissolved in ethanol by shaking at 37 °C for 15 min. Chen oil (1:4 mixture of castor oil (Both from Sigma Aldrich) was added to give a final concentration of 10 mg/mL 4-OHT, and the ethanol was evaporated by vacuum under centrifugation. To determine the number of “TRAPed” cells, Fos-^CreERT2:Ai14 mice were injected i.c.m. with 25 ng of IL-17a (eBioscience) and one hour later were given an intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg/kg 4-OHT. Mice were killed and perfused seven days after injection for immunohistochemistry analysis.

de Lima K.A., Rustenhoven J., Da Mesquita S., Wall M., Salvador A.F., Smirnov I., Martelossi G.C., Mamuladze T., Baker W., Papadopoulos Z., Lopes M.B., Cao W.S., Xie X.S., Herz J, & Kipnis J. (2020). Meningeal γδ T cells regulate anxiety-like behavior via IL-17a signaling in neurons. Nature immunology, 21(11), 1421-1429.

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In Vitro Permeability Assessment of Pharmaceutical Formulations

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The CA was gifted by Ranbaxy (Mohali, India). Tween 20^®, ethyl oleate, eucalyptus oil, propylene glycol, polyethylene 400 (PEG 400), castor oil, dimethyl sulfoxide ≥99.5% (DMSO), thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide 98% (MTT) and methylcellulose were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Tween 80^®, soybean oil and olive oil were purchased from R&M Chemicals Ltd. (Essex, UK). Capmul MCM EP was obtained from the Abitec Corporation (Janesville, WI, USA). Peceol and Maisine 35-1 were obtained from Gattefosse (Saint-Priest, France). Cremophor EL^® was obtained from BASF (Ludwigshafen, Germany). The dialysis membrane (MWCO 12,000 g/mole) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Sdn Bhd, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. The Caco-2 cell line was bought from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (Manassas, VA, USA). Dulbecco’s modified eagle’s medium (DMEM) was purchased from GE Healthcare Life Sciences (Logan, UT, USA). Trypsin 0.25% was purchased from GE Healthcare Life Sciences (Logan, UT, USA). The penicillin-streptomycin solution (100×) was obtained from Biowest (Nuaillé, France). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) and Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS) were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). The passive lysis buffer (5×) was purchased from Promega (Madison, WI, USA).

Khan A.A., Atiya A., Akhtar S., Yadav Y., Qureshi K.A., Jaremko M, & Mahmood S. (2022). Optimization of a Cefuroxime Axetil-Loaded Liquid Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System: Enhanced Solubility, Dissolution and Caco-2 Cell Uptake. Pharmaceutics, 14(4), 772.

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Analytical Reagents for Pharmacological Experiments

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Analytical grade chemicals were used in experiments. Acetylcholine chloride, atropine sulphate, potassium chloride (KCl), magnesium chloride (MgCl₂), verapamil hydrochloride, pyrilamine maleate, ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA), carboxymethylcellulose sodium, castor oil, gallic acid, quercetin and loperamide hydrochloride were of Sigma Chemicals (St. Louis, USA) origin. Sodium chloride (NaCl), sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄), hydrochloric acid (HCl), charcoal and sodium nitrite (NaNO₂) were procured from BDH Laboratory Supplies, Poole, UK. Glucose, ethanol, methanol, calcium chloride (CaCl₂), magnesium sulphate (MgSO₄), monopotassium phosphate (KH₂PO₄), monosodium phosphate (NaH₂PO₄), sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were procured from Merck, Darmstadt, Germany. VWR International Ltd. Poole, UK was supplier of ethylacetate.

Aslam N, & Janbaz K.H. (2019). Studies on antidiarrheal and laxative activities of aqueous-ethanol extract of Asphodelus tenuifolius and underlying mechanisms. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 19, 307.

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4-OHT Induction and Cell Tracing

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Biocompatible Bone Cement Formulations

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OsteopalV (OP, Heraeus Medical GmbH, Hanau, Germany) radiopaque bone cement for vertebroplasty was used as the base cement. 12.3 wt% (of total cement weight) castor oil (CO, Sigma Aldrich, 259853, St Louis, MO, USA) was used, corresponding to 1.78 g CO for 10.0 g of OsteopalV powder and 2845 μL monomer liquid. 1.5 wt% 9-cis,12-cis-linoleic acid (LA, ≥99%, Sigma-Aldrich, reference number W338001) was used, corresponding to 226 μL LA for 10.0 g of powder and 3620 μL liquid. These formulations were found to be advantageous to the in vitro biocompatibility in preliminary studies [17 (link), 18 (link)]. Each batch of bone cement was prepared by adding the modified monomer phase to the (unaltered) powder phase in a glass mortar and mixing it by hand with a metal spatula for 1 minute. The nomenclature used in this paper indicates whether the cement contains no additive (OP) or whether it is modified with LA (OP + LA) or CO (OP + CO).
Disc-shaped cement samples (⌀ = 6 or 13 mm, h = 2 mm) were molded and allowed to set for 1 h at room temperature. Cement samples to be evaluated in vivo were kept under sterile conditions and placed in separate containers of PBS (Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.4, Sigma) at 37°C and allowed to set for another 24 h. All the materials were prepared under aseptic conditions.

Carlsson E., Mestres G., Treerattrakoon K., López A., Karlsson Ott M., Larsson S, & Persson C. (2015). In Vitro and In Vivo Response to Low-Modulus PMMA-Based Bone Cement. BioMed Research International, 2015, 594284.

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