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8 protocols using az 1512

1

Magnetoresponsive Particle Dynamics on FGF Films

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We give further details on the sample preparation and experimental setup. In order to decrease the strong magnetic attraction, we coat the FGF film with a h = 1 µm thick layer of a photoresist (AZ-1512 Microchem, Newton, MA), i.e. a light curable polymer matrix, using spin coating at 3000 rpm for 30 s (Spinner Ws-650Sz, Laurell). Before the experiments, each type of particle is diluted in highly deionized water and deposited above the FGF, where they sediment due to the magnetic attraction to the BWs. External magnetic fields were applied via custom-made Helmholtz coils connected to two independent power amplifiers (AMP-1800, Akiyama), which are controlled by a wave generator (TGA1244, TTi). Particle positions and dynamics are recorded using an upright optical microscope (Eclipse Ni, Nikon) equipped with a 100 × 1.3 NA oil immersion objective and a CCD camera (Basler Scout scA640-74fc, Basler) working at 75 frames per second. The resulting field of view is 65 × 48 µm 2 .
Videomicroscopy and particle tracking routines 47 are used to extract the particle positions {x i (t), y i (t)}, with i = 1, . . . , N , from which the mean speed v is obtained performing both time and ensemble averages. To calculate the mean square displacement and diffusion coefficient, we use N trajectories with length l threshold = 200 frames, corresponding to a measurement time of ∆t = 200/75 = 2.6 s.
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2

Coating FGF Film with Photoresist

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The FGF was grown by dipping liquid-phase epitaxy on a gadolinium gallium garnet substrate; more details can be found in a previous work (59 (link)). Before the experiments, we coat the FGF film with a 1-μm-thick layer of a photoresist (AZ-1512 Microchem, Newton, MA) to prevent adhesion of the paramagnetic particles on the substrate. This process was performed via combination of spin coating and backing, following previous work (60 ). We wash the FGF in highly deionized water (MilliQ, Millipore) before each experiment.
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3

Fabrication of Micropatterned PDMS

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Micropatterned silicon masters were fabricated at POSTECH National Center for Nanomaterials Technology (NCNT) by standard photolithography using 7 μm thick AZ 1512 (MicroChem) positive photoresist films on silicon wafer. Sylgard 184 pre-polymer base and curing agent (Dow chemical) were casted onto the silicon masters and cured 1 h at 70°C. Then, cured PDMS were peel off, and cut to create open channels.
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4

Microfluidic Biosensor Fabrication

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AZ-1512, SU-8 2075, hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS), and (1-methoxy-2-propyl) acetate (SU-8 developer) were purchased from MicroChem Corp. (Westborough, MA, USA). Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) (Sylgard 184 A/B) was obtained from Dow Corning (Seoul, Korea). Graphene layers grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) were acquired from Graphenea (San Sebastián, Spain). Human plasma, uric acid, ascorbic acid, iron (III) chloride powder, and phosphate-buffered saline were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich Corp. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Illustrations were created with BioRender.com.
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5

Fabrication of Ag NWs Transparent Electrodes

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Ag NWs (10 mg/mL, Novarials NovaWire-Ag-A70-IPA) were spin-coated onto the CYTOP ultrathin polymer layer. The number of spin-coatings of the Ag NWs solution increased from 1 to 3. To form a pattern of Ag NWs based transparent electrode, photoresist (AZ 1512, Microchem) was spin-coated in two steps (500 rpm for 20 s, 3000 rpm for 60 s), and soft bake was performed at 90 °C for 1 min on a hot plate. And then, prepared sample was exposed to UV light for 8 s using mask aligner (UFM-50110R, Yamashita Denso). The exposed photoresist was removed by an alkaline tetra methyl ammonium hydroxide developer such as AZ300 (Microchem). The sample was baked at 110 °C for 1 min after development to further cross-link the phenolic resin in the unexposed resist. The developed sample was etched by etchant for Ag NWs (Pure Etch GNW300, Hayashi Pure Chemical).
The transmittance and sheet resistance of the Ag NWs transparent electrodes were measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer (V-670, JASCO) and contact-type 4-point probe (NDK), respectively.
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6

Graphene-based LAMP Assay for SARS-CoV-2

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Monolayer graphene obtained through chemical vapor deposition (CVD) was sourced from Graphenea (San Sebastian, Spain). Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was purchased from Dow Corning (Midland, MI, USA). Several other chemicals, including AZ-1512, SU-8 2075, diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC), hexamethyldisilazane, and (1-methoxy-2-propyl) acetate (SU-8 developer), were acquired from MicroChem (Westborough, MA, USA). Additionally, anhydrous iron (III) chloride (FeCl3) powder and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.4) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). WarmStart Colorimetric LAMP 2× Master Mix and LAMP Fluorescent Dye were purchased from New England Biolabs Inc. (Ipswich, MA, USA), and the primers synthesized and purified by Bionics Inc. (Seoul, South Korea). The template for the LAMP assay, consisting of a plasmid containing sequences of the SARS-CoV-2 envelope (E) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) genes, was sourced from GenScript (Piscataway, NJ, USA).
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7

Structured Magnetic Substrate for Particle Motion

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As a platform for the particle motion, we use a structured magnetic substrate, namely a ferrite garnet film (FGF) of composition Y 2.5 Bi 0.5 Fe 5-q Ga q O 12 (q = 0.51). The FGF is grown by dipping liquid phase epitaxy on a gadolinium gallium garnet substrate from melt of the constituent rare earths containing bismuth, iron and gallium, as well as PbO and B 2 O 3 . 27 After successful growth, the FGF chip is characterized by a regular lattice of parallel ferromagnetic stripe domains with alternating perpendicular magnetization and a spatial periodicity of λ = 2.5 μm in zero applied field. As shown in Fig. 1, Bloch walls (BWs), i.e. narrow regions (~10 nm width) which generate strong gradients in the surface field, separate these domains with opposite magnetization. Moreover, their positions can be manipulated by applying moderate magnetic fields. Before the experiments, the FGF film is coated with a positive Photoresist AZ-1512 (Microchem, Newton, MA) which is applied by using spin coating (Spinner Ws-650Sz, Laurell) and photo-crosslinked via UV irradiation (Mask Aligner MJB4, SUSS Microtec). The complete procedure can be found in the Supporting Information of another article. 28
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8

Dynamics of Paramagnetic Colloidal Particles on Stripe Patterned Ferrite Garnet Films

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We used aqueous suspension of monodisperse paramagnetic colloidal particles (Dynabeads M-270, Dynal) of diameter d = 2.8 μm and effective magnetic volume susceptibility χ = 0.4. The particles are paramagnetic due to the uniform doping (20% by weight) with iron-oxide grains. The stripe patterned ferrite garnet film (FGF) of wavelength λ = 2.5 μm was grown by dipping liquid phase epitaxy on a gadolinium gallium garnet substrate44 (link). The particles were diluted in highly deionized water and deposited above the FGF surface. We prevented particle adhesion to the FGF substrate by coating the latter with a 1 μm thick layer of a photoresist (AZ-1512 Microchem, Newton, MA) via standard spin coating and backing procedures.
The applied magnetic field was provided via custom-made Helmholtz coils perpendicular to each other. The coils were connected to two independent bipolar amplifiers (Kepco BOP 20-10M, KEPCO) controlled with a wave generator (TGA1244, TTi). To visualize the particle dynamics we used an upright optical microscope (Eclipse Ni, Nikon) which was equipped with a 100 × 1.3 NA oil immersion objective and a CCD camera (Balser Scout scA640-74fc) working at 75 frames per second. A total field of view of 145 × 109 μm2 was obtained by adding before to the optical path a 0.45 × TV adapter.
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