Protein nanostructure and fuel were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in a Bruker Tensor 2 with a Platinum ATR accessory (256 scans with 4 cm−1 resolution). Fuel content in protein motors was measured by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in a Netzsch STA 449 F3 Jupiter coupled to a Bruker Alpha FTIR spectrometer at 10 °C min−1 under 90 mL min−1 argon flow. The mechanical properties of protein films as function of temperature were measured by oscillatory rheology in a TA Discovery HR-2 rheometer.
Ta discovery hr 2 rheometer
Manufactured by TA Instruments
Sourced in United States
The TA Discovery HR-2 rheometer is a versatile instrument designed for the measurement and analysis of the rheological properties of materials. It is capable of performing a wide range of tests, including oscillatory, steady-state, and transient measurements, to characterize the viscous and elastic behavior of materials.
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5 protocols using ta discovery hr 2 rheometer
1
Characterizing Protein Nanostructures and Fuel
2
Rheological Characterization of Collagen-Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogels
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Rheological properties of blank CO–HA Gel composed of different MW PEG with or without NP were determined using a TA Discovery HR-2 rheometer (TA Instruments, New Castle, DE) with a cone shape geometry (40 mm, 2°). After mixing three gel components (i.e., collagen, HA and PEG) at the ratios described in Section 2.4 , 800 μL of the mixture was immediately loaded onto a sample loading plate pre-equilibrated at 25 °C. The cone shape geometry was lowered to a pre-determined gap (48 µm) to obtain a vertical side wall. Oscillation amplitude analysis was performed at 37 °C to determine a linear viscoelastic region (LVR) at a frequency of 1 Hz. Gelling time of hydrogels was determined via time sweep with 1 Hz frequency and 5% strain in 20 min at 37 °C. Storage modulus of the CO–HA Gel was obtained by unconfined compression measurements with oscillation frequency ranging from 0.1 to 10 Hz at 5% strain at 37 °C. The CO–HA Gel and NP/CO–HA Gel composites were placed between a solid plate and the rheometer geometry, and freely expanded laterally during the dynamic compression. The measurements were carried out in triplicate.
3
Viscosity Measurement of Exopolysaccharide Solutions
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The viscosities of the culture media collected at 0, 8, 16, 24, 32, 48, 96, and 144 hr of cultivation were measured using a VT-03F single cylinder-type rotational viscometer
(Rion, Tokyo, Japan) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Briefly, 460 mL of a culture broth was placed in an outer cup with a radius of 46 mm for measurement using an
inner rotor with a radius of 30.6 mm. The apparatus was left at room temperature for 4 min before measuring viscosity at a rotational speed of 62.5 rpm. The shear rate was
estimated to be 17/s using the following equation (1):
D = (2πn/60)(1 + δ2)/(δ2 − 1), (1)
where D, n, and δ represent the shear rate (1/s), the rotational speed (rpm), and the ratio of the radius of the inner rotor to the radius of the
outer cup, respectively. All the experiments were done in triplicate.
Steady shear viscosities of 0.02% (w/v) and 1% (w/v) HePS dissolved in the MRS broth and ion exchanged water, respectively, were determined at 25°C as a function of the shear rate
(0.1 to 100/s) using a TA Discovery HR-2 rheometer (TA Instruments, New Castle, DE, USA) equipped with a Peltier temperature control unit and a cup and bob assembly for 0.02% (w/v)
HePS solutions in MRS or a cone and plate attachment (diameter 20 mm; angle 1.009°; gap 65 μm) for 1% (w/v) HePS solutions in ion exchanged water.
(Rion, Tokyo, Japan) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Briefly, 460 mL of a culture broth was placed in an outer cup with a radius of 46 mm for measurement using an
inner rotor with a radius of 30.6 mm. The apparatus was left at room temperature for 4 min before measuring viscosity at a rotational speed of 62.5 rpm. The shear rate was
estimated to be 17/s using the following equation (1):
D = (2πn/60)(1 + δ2)/(δ2 − 1), (1)
where D, n, and δ represent the shear rate (1/s), the rotational speed (rpm), and the ratio of the radius of the inner rotor to the radius of the
outer cup, respectively. All the experiments were done in triplicate.
Steady shear viscosities of 0.02% (w/v) and 1% (w/v) HePS dissolved in the MRS broth and ion exchanged water, respectively, were determined at 25°C as a function of the shear rate
(0.1 to 100/s) using a TA Discovery HR-2 rheometer (TA Instruments, New Castle, DE, USA) equipped with a Peltier temperature control unit and a cup and bob assembly for 0.02% (w/v)
HePS solutions in MRS or a cone and plate attachment (diameter 20 mm; angle 1.009°; gap 65 μm) for 1% (w/v) HePS solutions in ion exchanged water.
4
Resin Viscosity Characterization
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The viscosity of resins with varying w/w% diluent was determined using a TA Discovery HR-2 Rheometer (TA Instruments, New Castle, DE, USA) at the University of Michigan’s Battery Lab, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. A flow sweep of the samples was run using a 20 mm parallel Peltier steel plate and a 1 mm gap. The weight fractions (w/w%) of the samples are listed in Table S1 . The rheology data (n = 3) for each sample group were averaged and plotted with GraphPad Prism software version 9.1.0 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA).
5
Oscillatory Rheometry of Agarose Gels
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Samples for oscillatory rheometry were cast using custom moulds of 8 mm diameter and 2 mm height. Agarose gels at 20 mg mL -1 including different combinations of dyes, types of buffer (HEPES 50 mM) or additives (Tween-20 0.5% (w/v)) were prepared. For comparison, the ternary mixture was adsorbed for 48 h at 150 rpm. Both storage (G ′ ) and loss (G ′′ ) moduli of agarose gels were determined by frequency sweeping from 0.628 to 62.8 (rad s -1 ) at a strain of 10% using a TA Discovery HR-2 rheometer with an 8 mm parallel plate.
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