Carnosol

Ethyl alcohol and acetone, used for the extraction process, were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). The materials used for the analysis of the extracts were Folin Ciocalteu phenol reagent (2N) obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), sodium sufhate anhydrous (>99%) from Mallinckrodt (St. Louis, MS, USA), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany) and gallic acid (98% w/w) from Acrōs Organics (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA). The standard compounds used in the study were quercetin dihydrate and rosmarinic acid, products of Sigma-Aldrich (Steimheim, Germany). Carnosic acid was obtained from Dayang Chemicals Co (Hangzhou, China), and carnosol from Extrasynthese (Lyon, France). Water, acetonitrile, methanol, and trifluoroacetic acid for LC-MS analyses were obtained from Fisher Chemical (Leicestershire, UK).

Skim milk powder was collected from a local dairy company, and the same batch was used for the production of all FFMPs. Antioxidant-free refined sunflower oils were purchased from a local store (SuperValu, Dublin, Ireland), and stored in closed containers, in the dark under refrigeration (4 °C) until use.
1,1,3,3-tetraethoxypropane (TEP), trichloroAcetic acid (TCA), starch, potassium iodide, 37% hydrochloric acid (HCl), isooctane, BHA, BHT, rosmarinic acid, 1-pentanol, 2-heptanone, 2-pentanone, 3-octen-2-one, 2, 4-decadienal, hexanal, heptanal, octanal, pentanal, 2-nonenal (E), acetone, 2-nonanone, undecanal 2-methyl-4-pentanol, 2-methyl-3-heptanone, isovaleraldehyde and ethyl butyrate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (now Merck, Wicklow, Ireland), whereas carnosol and carnosic acid were obtained from Extrasynthese (Extrasynthese Co., Genay Cedex, France). Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and sodium thiosulfate were obtained from VWR (VWR International Ltd., Dublin, Ireland). Isopropanol (PrOH) was acquired from Romil (Lennox Laboratory Supplies LTD, Dublin, Ireland) and n-hexane from Honeywell (Honeywell, Dublin, Ireland). Acetic acid was obtained from AppliChem GmbH (Darmstadt, Germany). Milli-Q^® water (H₂O) (18 mΩ) (Merck Millipore, Molsheim, France) or deionized H₂O was used throughout the experiments.

Ascorbic acid, propyl gallate, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) β-carotene, and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and 3-(4,5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich S.p.a. (Milan, Italy). All solvents used in this study are of analytical grade. LC-MS quality grade acetonitrile and methanol were purchased from Carlo Erba (Val de Reuil, France). Ultrapure water (18.2 MΩ.cm) was obtained from Elga and Purelab Classic (Veolia Water, Antony, France). Formic acid (used at 10 g/L) was obtained from Carlo Erba (Val de Reuil, France). Standard compounds, luteolin-7-glucoside (purity > 98%), rosmarinic acid (purity > 99%), rutin (purity > 99%), carnosol (purity > 90%), carnosic acid (purity > 90%), and ursolic acid (purity > 98%) were purchased from Extrasynthese (Genay, France).