Cefadroxil and Cefadroxil-D4 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). [3H]Cefadroxil (0.57 Ci/mmol; 97.6% purity) was obtained from Moravek Inc (Brea, CA) and [14C]dextran 70,000 (1.4 mCi/g) was obtained from American Radiolabeled Chemicals (ARC, St. Louis, MD). Methanol and acetonitrile were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). All other chemicals and solvents were of analytical grade or better. Ultrapure water was obtained using the Milli-Q Reference Water Purification System (Millipore, Billerica, MA). Perfusion fluid for microdialysis consisted of Ringer’s solution, which contained 145 mM NaCl, 0.6 mM KCl, 1.0 mM MgCl2, and 1.2 mM CaCl2 in 2 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.4.
Cefadroxil
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
Cefadroxil is a cephalosporin antibiotic used in the treatment of various bacterial infections. It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that acts by inhibiting cell wall synthesis in bacteria.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Oxytetracycline hydrochloride, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Erythromycin, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Methanol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
4 nitrophenyl β d glucopyranoside, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
4 nitrophenyl sulfate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Anaerobe gas generating system, by BD (2 mentions)
4 nitrophenyl β d glucuronide, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Cephalexin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Amoxicillin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Milli q reference water purification system, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Valsartan, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Rosiglitazone, by GlaxoSmithKline (1 mentions)
Verapamil, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Losartan, by Cayman Chemical (1 mentions)
Digoxin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
4 hba, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Gastrodin, by Tokyo Chemical Industry (1 mentions)
Enalapril, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Cell culture reagents, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
10 protocols using cefadroxil
1
Microdialysis Evaluation of Cefadroxil Pharmacokinetics
2
Sourcing and Characterizing Pharmaceutical Compounds
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Digoxin, 95% and (+/−)-verapamil, 99% were obtained from Acros Organics (Morris Plains, NJ, USA); indomethacin, 98% and ranitidine hydrochloride were purchased from Alfa Aesar GmbH and Co KG (Karlsruhe, Germany), whereas losartan was obtained from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Atropine sodium salt, cefadroxil, fluvastatin natrium and valsartan were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA); rosuvastatin calcium salt was obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc. (Dallas, TX, USA). Fexofenadine and sulfasalazine were purchased from Fluorochem Ltd. (Hadfield, UK), and rosiglitazone was obtained from GlaxoSmithKline (Brentford, UK). Agar, calcium chloride dihydrate, glucose hydrate, magnesium chloride hexahydrate, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, sodium phosphate monobasic and sodium hydrogen carbonate were obtained from Hänseler AG (Herisau, Switzerland).
3
Analytical Techniques for Bacterial Metabolites
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Gastrodin (>98%) was purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry. 4-HBA (≥98%), erythromycin, oxytetracycline hydrochloride, cefadroxil, 4-nitrophenyl β-d -glucuronide, 4-nitrophenyl sulfate, and 4-nitrophenyl β-d -glucopyranoside were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The anaerobe gas-generating system was purchased from Becton, Dickinson and Company. HPLC-grade methanol was purchased from J. T. Bakers (Central Valley, PA, USA). All other chemicals used were of reagent grades and were used as received.
4
Radiolabeled Compounds Synthesis Protocol
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LY2140023, LY404039, [14C]LY2140023, and [14C]LY404039 were synthesized by Eli Lilly and Company (Indianapolis, IN). The purity of radiolabeled compounds were 97% and higher. Cefadroxil, cephalexin, enalapril, captopril, 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), glycylsarcosine (Gly-Sar), and triton X-100 were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO); l -DOPA was acquired from Isotec (Miamisburg, OH). Valacyclovir and [14C]Gly-Sar were obtained from Moravek Biochemical Inc. (Brea, CA). Cell Culture reagents were purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA). All reagents were highest commercial grade, stored properly, and used before expiration date.
5
Microdialysis Study of Cefadroxil, Probenecid, and Peptides
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Cefadroxil, Cefadroxil-D4 (deuterated), probenecid, Ala-Ala, glycylsarcosine (GlySar), and amoxicillin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), isoflurane from Baxter Medical AB (Kista, Sweden), and 100 IU/mL heparin from Leo Pharma AB (Malmö, Sweden). Acetonitrile and formic acid were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). All other chemicals were of analytical grade or better. Ringer’s solution was used to perfuse the microdialysis probes and consisted of 145 mM NaCl, 0.6 mM KCl, 1.0 mM MgCl2, and 1.2 mM CaCl2 in 2 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. Artificial extracellular fluid (aECF), used to buffer the brain slices, was comprised of 10 mM glucose, 129 mM NaCl, 3 mM KCl, 1.2 mM MgSO4, 0.4 mM K2HPO4, 1.4 mM CaCl2, and 25 mM HEPES, pH 7.6, at room temperature. Normal saline was obtained from Braun Medical AB (Stockholm, Sweden) and the Milli-Q system (Millipore, Bedford, Massachusetts) was used to purify the water.
6
HPLC Analysis of Cephalosporin Antibiotics
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All reagents and solvents used were of analytical grade. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4), di‐potassium hydrogen phosphate (K2HPO4), phosphoric acid (H3PO4), formic acid (HCO2H), HPLC‐grade acetonitrile (ACN) and methanol (MeOH) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Water was purified by a Purelab UHQ system (ELGA, Marlow, UK). The reference standards of cefadroxil (CFD), cephalexin (CPL), cefaclor (CFO), cefixime (CFI), amoxicillin (AMO) and cefuroxime (CFU) were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich (Singapore). The blank urine samples were collected from healthy children.
7
Influenza and Pneumococcus Experimental Protocols
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Metolose (90SH-100000SR) was acquired from
Shin-Etsu Chemical. Amoxicillin, cefadroxil, monobasic sodium phosphate,
dibasic sodium phosphate, methanol, acetonitrile, paraformaldehyde,
formalin, hematoxylin, and eosin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
The influenza virus A/Puerto Rico/8/34 H1N1 strain (PR8) was obtained
from the American Type Culture Collection and propagated in embryonated
eggs. Viral titers were determined by plaque assay. Serotype 19F S. pneumoniae, obtained from a clinical isolate from
Singapore and cultured in a brain–heart infusion Broth (Sigma-Aldrich),
was added with 5% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum, under anaerobic
conditions in an incubator (Thermo Fisher) at 37 °C until the
mid-logarithmic phase.
Shin-Etsu Chemical. Amoxicillin, cefadroxil, monobasic sodium phosphate,
dibasic sodium phosphate, methanol, acetonitrile, paraformaldehyde,
formalin, hematoxylin, and eosin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
The influenza virus A/Puerto Rico/8/34 H1N1 strain (PR8) was obtained
from the American Type Culture Collection and propagated in embryonated
eggs. Viral titers were determined by plaque assay. Serotype 19F S. pneumoniae, obtained from a clinical isolate from
Singapore and cultured in a brain–heart infusion Broth (Sigma-Aldrich),
was added with 5% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum, under anaerobic
conditions in an incubator (Thermo Fisher) at 37 °C until the
mid-logarithmic phase.
8
Synthesis and Characterization of Gold Nanoparticles
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HAuCl4·3H2O, ATT, H3PO4, NaH2PO4, Na2HPO4, Na3PO4, chloramphenicol, Oxytetracycline,
doxycycline, Norfloxacin,
cefadroxil, Lincomycin, chlortetracycline, ciprOfloxacin, Tylosin,
monensin sodium, Ofloxacin, tetracycline, penicillin G, sodium hydroxide
(NaOH, 99%), and other salts were bought from Sigma-Aldrich. All aqueous
solutions are diluted by ultrapure water (ddH2O, ≥18.2
MΩ cm–1).
doxycycline, Norfloxacin,
cefadroxil, Lincomycin, chlortetracycline, ciprOfloxacin, Tylosin,
monensin sodium, Ofloxacin, tetracycline, penicillin G, sodium hydroxide
(NaOH, 99%), and other salts were bought from Sigma-Aldrich. All aqueous
solutions are diluted by ultrapure water (ddH2O, ≥18.2
MΩ cm–1).
9
Quantitative Analysis of Biological Compounds
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Crocin, cefadroxil, oxytetracycline hydrochloride, erythromycin, p-nitrophenyl-β-d -glucuronide, p-nitrophenyl-β-d -glucopyranoside, and p-nitrophenyl sulfate were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Crocetin was either prepared from Crocin as described below or purchased from ChromaDex (Irvine, CA, USA). Formic acid, acetonitrile, and methanol of HPLC-grades were purchased from J.T. Baker (Central Valley, PA, USA). Potassium monobasic phosphate and potassium dibasic phosphate were purchased from Duksan reagents (Seoul, Korea). All other chemicals were of analytical grades and used as received.
10
Quantitative Analysis of Antidiabetic Compounds
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Voglibose (>98.0%) was purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industries (Tokyo, Japan). Erythromycin, oxytetracycline hydrochloride, cefadroxil, 4-nitrophenyl β-D-glucopyranoside, 4-nitrophenyl β-D-glucuronide, 4-nitrophenyl sulfate, soluble starch, ammonium acetate, streptozotocin, and telmisartan, the internal standard (IS), were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-grade acetonitrile was purchased from J. T. Bakers (Central Valley, PA, USA). An anaerobe gas generating system was purchased from Becton, Dickinson and Company (Sparks, MD, USA). A blood glucose monitoring system was purchased from Bayer Contour TS (Mishawaka, IN, USA). Potassium phosphate monobasic and potassium phosphate dibasic were purchased from Duksan (Seoul, Korea). All other chemicals were of analytical grades and used as received.
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