Rivastigmine

AlCl₃ (molecular weight: 241.45 g/mol) was purchased from Alpha Chemika (Mumbai, India). Carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) was provided by the El-Gomhouria Company for trading chemicals and medical appliances (Alexandria, Egypt). Leflunomide was obtained from Eva Pharma Industries (Alexandria, Egypt). Rivastigmine was procured from Novartis (Basel, Switzerland). Acetylcholinesterase activity assay kit (cat. no. MAK119) was supplied by Sigma Aldrich Chemical Company (St. Louis, MO, USA). β-Amyloid Aβ1–42 (cat. no. NBP2-69,916) and tau (cat. no. NBP2-81,164) ELISA kits were acquired from Novus Biologicals (Littleton, CO, USA). Three pro-inflammatory cytokines, NF-κβ (cat #: MBS453975), TNF-α (cat #: MBS824824), and IL-1β (cat #: MBS825017) ELISA kits, were bought from BioSource Inc. (San Diego, CA, USA).

Healthy adult male Sprague–Dawley rats, aged 6–9 weeks and weighing 200–250 g, were purchased from the Experimental Animal Center of Wenzhou Medical University (WMU) and kept in separate cages under controlled temperature (24°C ± 0.5°C) and humidity (45–50%) conditions, with good ventilation and ad libitum access to water and standard rodent chow. Animal experiments were performed in accordance with the Guidelines for Ethical Review of Laboratory Animals and 3R principles, and were approved by the Ethics Committee for Experimental Animals of Wenzhou Medical University (ID number: WYDW 2017-0509). All experimental procedures were performed using standard methods. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) detection kits were obtained from Jiangsu Jiancheng Technology Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, Jiangsu, China). Antibodies to IL-1β, IL-18, CD34, VEGF, and HIF-1α were purchased from Affinity Biosciences (Cincinnati, OH, United States). Rivastigmine (≥98% purity) was purchased from Novartis (Basel, Switzerland).