Spss pc statistical software package

The analyses were based on data reported by the dietary questionnaire administered at the beginning of the study. The influence of each dietary factor on the serum β-carotene concentration was estimated by logistic multivariate analysis adjusted for age, sex and energy intake. The difference in the serum β-carotene level between any two groups was parametrically evaluated by Student’s t-test. A correlation coefficient between the biomarkers investigated was calculated by Pearson correlation analysis. The level of statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. The SPSS/PC statistical software package (IBM, Tokyo, Japan) was used for the analyses.

The descriptive statistics of the study participants were presented as means and standard deviations for continuous variables and the number and percentages for categorical variables. The normality of the data distribution was checked before statistical analyses. ANOVA was used to test mean group differences in continuous variables (mean and standard deviation), followed by Tukey’s post hoc test if necessary. The chi-square test was used to examine discontinuous variables (in terms of number and percentage). The incremental linear trends in the prevalence of each MetS component across body composition phenotypes (from NWNO to NWO and OB) were tested using one-way ANOVA with a post-hoc contrast. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for metabolic syndrome were calculated using multivariate logistic regression before (crude OR) and after (adjusted OR) adjustments for all measured covariates. Statistical analyses were conducted using the SPSS-PC statistical software package (v. 27.0; IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA). Statistical significance was determined at p = 0.05.