Pd68235

Curcumin, Y15, 15d-PGJ2 and PD68235 were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). U0126 was obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). Imatinib and fasudil were obtained from Nanjing EnoGene Biotechnology (Nanjing, China). Rapamycin was obtained from Xi'an Helin Biological Engineering (Xi'an, China). All these compounds were dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO; Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) for experiments. Recombinant rat PDGF was obtained from Cell Sciences (Canton, MA, USA). Primary antibodies against VEGF, p-PI3K, PI3K, p-AKT and AKT were obtained from Nanjing EnoGene Biotechnology (Nanjing, China). Primary antibodies against α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), α(I) procollagen, fibronectin, p-PDGF-βR, PDGF-βR, p-FAK, FAK, GTP-RhoA and total-RhoA were obtained from Epitomics (San Francisco, CA, USA). Primary antibodies against PPAR-γ, p-ERK and ERK were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology. Primary antibodies against HIF-1α, VEGF-R2, p-mTOR, mTOR, p-p70S6K, p70S6K and β-actin were obtained from Bioworld Technology (Nanjing, China).

The following compounds were used in this study: curcumin, compounds 15d-PGJ2 and PD68235 (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA); Etoposide (Selleckchem, Houston, TX, USA); P53 inhibitor PFT-α (Nanjing EnoGene Biotech Co., Ltd, Nanjing, China). All these compounds were dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO; Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China) for experiments. The primary antibodies were used in this study: P16, P53, cyclin D1, cyclin E1, CDK4, CDK6, PPAR-γ, γH2AX and β-actin (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA); P21 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA); Hmga1 (Abcam Technology, Abcam, Cambridge, UK); α1(I)-procollagen and α-SMA (Epitomics, San Francisco, CA, USA).