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7 protocols using ammonium hydroxide

1

Chitin-based Adsorbent Synthesis and Characterization

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Chitin (degree of acetylation = 0.94) was purchased from Daejung (Korea), Potassium dichromate (Assay ≥ 99%), Para-benzoquinone (PBQ; 99%), Iron chloride hexahydrate (≥ 99%) and Ferrous chloride tetrahydrate (≥ 99%) were delivered from Sigma-Aldrich (Germany). Ethylenediamine (EDA; 99%), Glutaraldehyde (25%) and Sodium hydroxide (98%) were brought from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (China). Attapulgite (ATP) was supplied from the Huaiyuan Mining Industry Co., Ltd. (China). Hydrochloric acid (37%), Ammonium hydroxide (99%) and Acetic acid (98%) were acquired from Loba Chemie (India).
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2

Cellulose Extraction from Water Hyacinth

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Cellulose was extracted from water hyacinth; acrylic acid and N,N-methylene–bis-acrylamide were obtained from ACROS Organics, Germany. Ammonium persulphate, acetone, toluene, ammonium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, sodium hypochlorite, sodium chloride, calcium chloride and aluminium chloride were obtained from Loba Chemie, Mumbai, India.
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3

Synthesis of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles

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We used tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS d = 0.934 g/mL 99%, Aldrich, Bangalore, India), Cetyltrimethylammonium ammonium bromide (CTAB 98%, Aldrich, Bangalore, India), ethanol (d = 0.789 g/mL ≥ 99.8%, Fluka, New Delhi, India), ammonium hydroxide (d = 0.90 g/mL 30%, Loba Chemie, Mumbai, India) and hydrochloric acid (37%, Aldrich, Bangalore, India). Crystal violet (>88%, d = 1.19 g cm−3) was supplied by Merck Millipore, India, having maximum absorbance in the range of λmax= 584–590 nm. L-ascorbic acid (>99%) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Bangalore, India, and Aniline (Thermo Fischer Scientific, Mumbai, India) was purified by distillation over zinc dust. The middle fraction of the distillate was collected and stored in a refrigerator. All chemicals were without any further modification, purification or distillation. Deionized water (DI) was used for all experiments.
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4

Synthesis of Cerium-based Nanoparticles

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Ammonium cerium(iv) nitrate [(NH4)2Ce(NO3)6, ≥98.5%] was procured from Sigma-Aldrich. Polyvinylpyrrolidone [(PVP) ≥99.8%], isopropyl alcohol, ammonium hydroxide and ethylene glycol (EG) (anhydrous, HOCH2CH2OH, ≥99.8%) were purchased from Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd., India. Deionized water was used for analytical purposes during the synthesis.
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5

Synthesis of MWCNT-Metal Oxide Catalysts

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Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) (ID 3–5 nm; OD 20–25 nm; length 20 μm and purity 95.0%) were purchased from Nanocyl (Belgium). Tin chloride (SnCl4.2H2O) and ammonium metavanadate (NH4VO3) were purchased from Loba chemicals Pvt. Ltd., India. Hydrochloric acid (HCl; 38%), isopropanol and ammonium hydroxide (25% ammonia solution) were purchased from Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd., India. All the chemicals were used without further purification. Whatman glass microfiber filters (GF/CTM; diameter 47 mm) were purchased from GE Healthcare UK Limited, UK.
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6

Teff Straw-Based Biomaterials Synthesis

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Glacial acetic acid (99.5%)
and acetone (99%) were purchased from Sisco Research Laboratories,
India. Sodium hydroxide (99.8%) was obtained from Central Drug House
India. Sulfuric acid (98%), ammonium hydroxide (30%), ferric chloride
(98%), and ferrous sulfate were obtained from Loba Chemie, India.
Silver nitrate (99.9%) was purchased from Alpha Chemika, India. Hydrogen
peroxide (30%), dimethyl sulfoxide (99.9%), sodium hypochlorite (5%),
and ethanol (99.8%) were obtained from Research-LAB Fine Chem Industries
India. Wool fat, hard paraffin, peptone, and sodium acetate were obtained
from Sisco Research Laboratories, India. Sodium chloride was obtained
from Rankem Chemical Industry, Delhi, India. Cetylstearyl alcohol,
white soft paraffin, yeast, and agar media were purchased from Uni
Chem Laboratories, Mumbai, India. The teff straw (Eragrostesis
teff
) was collected from Akaki Kality subcity, Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia. All chemicals and reagents used for this experimental work
were of analytical grade and were used without further purification.
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7

Chitin Modification and Characterization

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Chitin (degree of acetylation = 0.94) was delivered from Daejung (Korea). Para-benzoquinone (PBQ; 99%), Ethylene-diamine (EDA; 99%) and Kaolin were supplied from the Huaiyuan Mining Industry Co Ltd. (China). Ammonium hydroxide (99%), Sodium hydroxide (98%), Hydrochloric acid (37%) and Acetic acid (98%) were purchased from Loba Chemie (India). Congo red dye was bought from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (Germany), while its characteristics were deliberated in Supplementary Table S1.
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