Trolox

Methanol and acetonitrile used in ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) were purchased from OmniGene LLC (Morrisville, NC, USA). Analytical flavonoid standards, i.e., catechin, myricetin, epicatechin, rutin, quercetin, liquiritigenin, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, gallic acid, Trolox, 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), quercetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, and 2,4,6-tri-(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TPTZ) were purchased from Solarbio Technology Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China).

CCl₄ was obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China); APAP was obtained from Shanghai Aladdin Bio-Chem Technology Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China); LaiPuRui (LPR) was obtained from Tonghua Renmin Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. (Jilin, China); RPMI 1640 was purchased from Gibgo Company (Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA, USA); kits for detecting alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity, ROS, malondialdehyde (MDA), GSH, and SOD were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China); Trolox, DAPI, Triton-100, whole-cell protein extract, penicillin, and streptomycin were purchased from Solarbio Science & Technology Co. (Beijing, China); rhodamine 123 (Rh123), enhanced chemiluminescence kits were purchased from Beyotime Biotechnology (Shanghai, China); Alexa Fluor 488-congugated goat anti-rabbit IgG, Nrf2 rabbit antibody were obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA); caspase-3 rabbit antibody, Bax rabbit antibody, and Bcl-2 rabbit antibody were all purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA); rabbit anti-β-action and anti-rabbit IgG were obtained from Proteintech Group, Inc. (Wuhan, China); Lipofectamine 2000 was bought from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA); Nrf2 siRNA was purchased from Generaybiotech Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China). All other reagents used in this study were analytically pure.