Chlorogenic acid 5 o cqa

Chlorogenic acid (5-O-CQA, purity > 97% by HPLC) and a standard sample of cynarin (1,3-DCQA, purity > 99% by HPLC) were purchased from Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany). Organic solvents of analytical grade were purchased either from POCh S.A. (Gliwice, Poland) or from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Water was purified by a Mili-Q system (Milipore Corp., Bedford, MA, USA). MeOH and MeCN of HPLC grade as well as formic acid and glacial acetic acid were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).
Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was bought from Biomed (Lublin, Poland). Hanks’ balanced salt solution (HBSS), cell culture medium (RPMI 1640 medium), f-MLP (formyl-Met-Leu-Phenylalanine), LPS (from Escherichia coli 0111:B4), propidium iodide (PI), luminol, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) solution, and l-glutamine were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was delivered by Gibco (Grand Island, NY, USA).

Chlorogenic acid (5-O-CQA, purity > 97% by HPLC), caffeic acid (purity ≥ 95%), and 1,3-DCQA (cynarin, purity > 99% by HPLC) were purchased from Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany). The Folin–Ciocalteu reagent was supplied by Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). MeOH, EtOAc, and CHCl₃ of an analytical grade were purchased from Avantor Performance Materials S.A. (Gliwice, Poland). Water was purified by a Mili-Q system (Milipore Corp., Bedford, MA, USA). Hexane of the analytical grade, MeOH, and MeCN of the HPLC grade, as well as formic acid and glacial acetic acid were bought from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).