(Millipore Benzonase Nuclease HC; 71206-3) was added to cell lysates
to breakdown interfering DNA before quantification of protein concentration
by the BCA assay (Thermo Scientific 23225) according to the manufacturer’s
instruction. Disulfide bonds in the lysates were reduced with 15 mM
dithiothreitol (DTT) for 1 h at 37 °C, followed by alkylation
with 55 mM iodoacetamide (IAA) for 1 h at room temperature in the
dark. To remove urea and other substances that could interfere with
digestion, lysates were precipitated using chilled 50:50 ethanol:acetone
overnight at −20 °C. The resulting protein pellets were
then resuspended in 100 mM HEPES (pH 8.5) and sonicated for a total
of 15 min (30 s cycles) to break up the pellets. Proteins were digested
in a two-step digestion process with the 100:1 protein/protease ratio
of Lys-C (Promega; V1671) at 37 °C for 4 h, followed by 100:1
trypsin digestion (Promega; V5111) at 37 °C overnight.