Ceftriaxone

Manufactured by HiMedia

Sourced in India

Ceftriaxone is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic. It is a sterile, crystalline powder used for the preparation of injectable solutions.

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Lab products found in correlation

Ciprofloxacin, by HiMedia (47 mentions) Ampicillin, by HiMedia (40 mentions) Cefotaxime, by HiMedia (37 mentions) Gentamicin, by HiMedia (36 mentions) Amikacin, by HiMedia (36 mentions) Ceftazidime, by HiMedia (33 mentions) Imipenem, by HiMedia (27 mentions) Meropenem, by HiMedia (26 mentions) Chloramphenicol, by HiMedia (23 mentions) Cotrimoxazole, by HiMedia (22 mentions) Tetracycline, by HiMedia (19 mentions) Cefepime, by HiMedia (19 mentions) Cefixime, by HiMedia (15 mentions) Levofloxacin, by HiMedia (15 mentions) Piperacillin tazobactam, by HiMedia (14 mentions) Ofloxacin, by HiMedia (13 mentions) Nalidixic acid, by HiMedia (13 mentions) Gentamycin, by HiMedia (12 mentions) Cefoxitin, by HiMedia (12 mentions) Aztreonam, by HiMedia (12 mentions)

Spelling variants of this product

Ceftriaxone-tazobactam (2 citations)

72 protocols using ceftriaxone

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Escherichia coli

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The antimicrobial susceptibility testing of all isolates was done by the disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar. Apart from this, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were also determined by the Vitek2 compact system (using AST GN cards; Biomeriux, France). The interpretation of zone diameters and MICs was done according to each year’s CLSI guidelines.
Escherichia coliATCC 25922 was taken as the control strains. The following antimicrobials (Himedia, India) were tested: ceftazidime (30 μg), cefotaxime (30 μg), ceftriaxone (30 μg), cefoxitin (30 μg), cefepime (30 μg), piperacillin (100 µg), piperacillin-tazobactam (100/10 μg), ticarcillin-clavulanate (75/10 μg), cefoperazone-sulbactam (75/30 μg), cefepime-tazobactam (30/10 µg), ceftriaxone- sulbactam (30/15 µg), imipenem (10 μg), meropenem (10 μg), ertapenem (10 μg), amikacin (30 μg), gentamicin (10 μg), netilmicin (30 μg), tobramycin (10 μg), tetracycline (30 µg), Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (1.25/24 µg), ciprofloxacin (5 μg), levofloxacin (5 μg), tigecycline (15 μg), nitrofurantoin (300 μg), and chloramphenicol (30 μg).
We interpreted the zone diameters and MICs of the isolates as per CLSI recommendations, 2018.
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Katoch O., Khurana S., Mathur P, & Malhotra R. (2021). Antimicrobial Resistance in Enterobacteriaceae Bacteria Causing Infection in Trauma Patients: A 5-Year Experience from a Tertiary Trauma Center. Journal of Laboratory Physicians, 13(4), 296-308.

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Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing Protocol

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Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method13 (link) on MHA plates. The following antibiotics were used: amikacin (30 μg), gentamicin (10 μg), ciprofloxacin (30 μg), trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole (1.25/23.75 μg), cefepime (30 μg), imipenem (10 μg), meropenem (10 μg), ceftriaxone (30 μg) and aztreonam (30 μg) (HiMedia). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of various antibiotics were determined on MHA plates by agar dilution method according to CLSI guidelines14 using the following antibiotics: cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefepime, imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem and aztreonam (HiMedia).

Ingti B., Krishnatreya D.B., Maurya A.P., Dhar (Chanda) D., Chakravarty A, & Bhattacharjee A. (2017). Role of inducers in detection of blaPDC-mediated oxyimino-cephalosporin resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The Indian Journal of Medical Research, 145(5), 659-664.

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Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing of Shigella

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Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method (3 ) for the antibiotics: ampicillin 10 µg, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole 1.25/23.75 µg, ciprofloxacin 5 µg, ceftriaxone 30 µg, tetracycline 30 µg, and chloramphenicol 30 µg (Himedia Laboratories, Mumbai). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone were performed using Epsilometer test (E-test) strips according to the manufacturer's instructions (AB Biomeriuex, India). The inoculum for the susceptibility testing and the interpretation were done as per CLSI (Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute) guidelines (3 ). ATCC Escherichia coli 25922 was used as the control for interpretation of zone diameters. Combination disc method according to CLSI guidelines was used in order to detect ESBL production in ceftriaxone-resistant Shigella isolates.

Sangeetha A.V., Parija S.C., Mandal J, & Krishnamurthy S. (2014). Clinical and Microbiological Profiles of Shigellosis in Children. Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition, 32(4), 580-586.

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Antimicrobial Resistance Profiling of Virulent Isolates

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The isolates positive for at least one virulence marker gene by PCR were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test against the selected antimicrobials (ampicillin-10 μg, amikacin-10 μg, chloramphenicol-30 μg, ceftriaxone-10 μg, cephalexin-30 μg, cipr ofloxacin-10 μg, co-trimoxazole-25 μg, cefoperazone-tazobactam-75 + 10 μg, meropenem-10 μg, norfloxacin-10 μg, gentamicin-10 μg, cefixime-5 μg, doxycycline hydrochloride-10 μg and ofloxacin-5 μg) (HiMedia, India) by disc diffusion method in Mueller–Hinton agar [18 (link)]. The performance of this test was checked by employing E. coli ATCC 25922 as a standard quality control strain. The results were expressed as sensitive, intermediate and resistant as per standard CLSI guidelines [19 ]. MDR was defined as “acquired non-susceptibility to at least one agent in three or more antimicrobial categories” [20 (link)].

Chellapandi K., Dutta T.K., Sharma I., De Mandal S., Kumar N.S, & Ralte L. (2017). Prevalence of multi drug resistant enteropathogenic and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli isolated from children with and without diarrhea in Northeast Indian population. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials, 16, 49.

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Antibiotic Sensitivity Patterns of Isolates

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In vitro antibiotic sensitivity patterns of the isolates were conducted as per the method of Bauer et al., (1966) . Antibiotics disc (Hi Media Ltd., Mumbai, India) used in the present study were Amikacin (30 mcg), Amoxyclav (30 mcg), Ampicillin (10 mcg), Ciprofloxacin (5 mcg), Colistin (10 mcg), Ceftriaxone (30 mcg), Erythromycin (15 mcg), Enrofloxacin (10 mcg), Gentamicin (10mcg), Neomycin (30 mcg), Penicillin-G (10IU), Streptomycin (10 mcg), Sulphadiazine (300 mcg) and Tetracycline (30 mcg). Diameters of the clear zone of inhibition were measured and the interpretation of the results was made in accordance with the instructions supplied by the manufacturer (Hi Media Ltd., Mumbai, India). Multiple Antibiotic resistance index (MARI) were also determined for each isolates by dividing the number of antibiotics to which the isolate is resistant to by the total numbers of antibiotics tested (Adenaike, 2016) .

Vatalia D., Bhanderi B.B., Nimavat V., & Jhala M.K. (2020). Isolation, Molecular Identification and Multidrug Resistance Profiling of Bacteria Causing Clinical Mastitis in Cows. Agricultural Science Digest - A Research Journal.

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Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing Protocol

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Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by modified Kirby Bauer's disc diffusion method on Mueller Hinton Agar medium according to the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute guidelines (CLSI, 2013) . The antibiotics used were ciprofloxacin ((5 µg), cotrimoxazole (25 µg), cefotaxime (30 µg), ceftriaxone (30 µg), cefixime (10 µg), amikacin (30 µg), gentamycin (10 µg), ceftazidime (30 µg), cefoperazone/sulbactum (75/10 µg), meropenem (10 µg), piperacillin/tazobactam (100/10 µg), chloramphenicol (30 µg) (HiMedia, India). Suspension of bacteria maintained to 0.5 McFarland standards was inoculated on Mueller Hinton Agar (HiMedia, India) plates using sterile swabs, and then antibiotic discs were placed on it. The plates were incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours. The diameter of the zone of inhibition was measured and compared with standard strain. The results were interpreted as sensitive, intermediate, resistant according to CLSI (2013) guidelines. Pseudomonas (ATCC 27853) was used as standard control strains.

Gyawali R., Khadka R.B., Shrestha B., & Manandhar S. (2020). Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Pseudomonas Species Isolated from Various Clinical Samples at a Tertiary Care Hospital. Journal of Institute of Science and Technology, 25(2), 49-54.

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility of CTX-M Strains

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Antimicrobial susceptibility of bla_CTX-M harbouring parent strains as well as transformants were determined by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method and results were interpreted as per CLSI guidelines [17 ]. Following antibiotics were tested: cefotaxime (30μg), cefoxitin (30μg), ceftazidime (30μg), amikacin (30μg), gentamicin (10μg), kanamicin (30μg), ciprofloxacin (5μg), trimithoprim/sulphamethoxazole (1.25/23.75μg), imipenem (10μg), ertapenem (10μg), tigecycline (15μg) and polymyxin B (300 units) (Hi-Media, Mumbai). MIC was also determined for donor strain and transformants against cefotaxime, ceftazidime and ceftriaxone (Hi-Media, Mumbai, India) by agar dilution method.

Upadhyay S., Hussain A., Mishra S., Maurya A.P., Bhattacharjee A, & Joshi S.R. (2015). Genetic Environment of Plasmid Mediated CTX-M-15 Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases from Clinical and Food Borne Bacteria in North-Eastern India. PLoS ONE, 10(9), e0138056.

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing

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Amikacin (AMK; 30 μg/disk), ampicillin/sulbactam (SAM, 10/10 µg/disc), cefixime (CFM; 5 µg/disc), cefotaxime (CTX; 30 µg/disc), ceftazidime (CAZ; 30 µg/disc), ceftriaxone (CRO; 30 µg/disc), ciprofloxacin (CIP, 5 µg/disc), gentamicin (GEN, 10 µg/disc), imipenem (IPM, 10 µg/disc), meropenem (MEM; 10 µg/disc), nitrofurantoin (NIT; 300 µg/disc), sulbactam (SUL; 10 µg/disc), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT; 25 µg/ disc) (HiMedia Laboratories, Mumbai,. India), imipenem and sulbactam powder (Sigma-Aldrich Co. St. Louis, MO, USA). The antifungal powders were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and stock solutions diluted based on Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines (CLSI M07-A10).

Noshadi S., & Khodavandi A. (2021). Expression analysis of drug-resistant gene (blaOXA-51) in carbapenemases producing Acinetobacter baumannii treated with imipenem/sulbactam combination. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 57.

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Hemolytic Activity and Antibiotic Susceptibility of LAB

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We assessed the hemolytic activities of LAB strains showing antagonistic activity during initial screening by the presence of α/α (a small zone of greenish-brownish discoloration of the medium, indicating reduction of hemoglobin to methemoglobin), β/β (clear, colorless or light yellow zone surrounding the colonies depicting total lysis of red blood cells), and γ/γ (with no change observed in the medium) hemolysis following the protocol of Maragkoudakis et al. (2006) (link). In the antibiotic susceptibility test, we examined promising screened and characterized LAB isolates using the agar disc diffusion method (Bauer et al., 1966) (link). Twelve antibiotics were tested (Hi-Media): penicillin G (2 units), ceftriaxone (30 µg), ampicillin (25 µg), vancomycin (30 µg), oxacillin (1 µg), streptomycin (10 µg), chloramphenicol (30 µg), gentamicin (10 µg), erythromycin (10 µg), tetracycline (10 µg), novobiocin (30 µg), and ciprofloxacin (10 µg). Isolates were categorized as sensitive (≥21 mm), intermediate (16-20 mm), or resistant (≤15 mm) (Liasi et al., 2009) . The multiple antibiotics resistance (MAR) index was determined for each probiotic strain as previously described by Ngwai et al. (2011) .

Reuben R.C., Roy P.C., Sarkar S.L., Rubayet Ul Alam A.S.M, & Jahid I.K. (2020). Characterization and evaluation of lactic acid bacteria from indigenous raw milk for potential probiotic properties. Journal of dairy science, 103(2).

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Antibiotic Resistance Profiling of Clinical Isolates

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Antibiotic susceptibility test (AST) of both clinical isolates was performed using the modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar (Hi-Media Laboratories, India) following standard zone size interpretative criteria set by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) [25 ]. The different antibiotic disks used in this study during AST were procured from HiMedia Laboratories, India, and include amoxicillin (30 μg), gentamicin (10 μg), cotrimoxazole (25 μg), ciprofloxacin (5 μg), imipenem (10 μg), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (20/10 μg), cefotaxime (30 μg), ceftriaxone (30 μg), ceftazidime (30 μg), aztreonam (30 μg), and cefpodoxime (10 μg). The E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates were regarded as MDR isolates if they were resistant to at least one agent of three different classes of antimicrobial disks [2 (link)].

Koirala S., Khadka S., Sapkota S., Sharma S., Khanal S., Thapa A., Khadka D.K, & Poudel P. (2021). Prevalence of CTX-M β-Lactamases Producing Multidrug Resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae among Patients Attending Bir Hospital, Nepal. BioMed Research International, 2021, 9958294.

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