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8 protocols using tcrγδ fitc

1

Characterization of PBMC Interactions

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The characterization of PBMCs that were co-cultured for 1 hour with Vero E6 and TZM-bl cell monolayers was performed by staining with the following conjugated antibodies purchased from BD Biosciences (San Jose, CA): CD3-PE, CD8-APC-H7, CD56-BV605, TCRγδ-FITC, and CD107a-PE-Cy7. CD107a was used as a degranulation marker and its expression at the cell surface peaks within 1 hour of target cell engagement (35 (link)), being afterwards actively recycled from the cell surface (36 (link)). CD3+CD8- were assumed to be CD4+ T cells, which included those cells with downregulated CD4 expression caused by HIV-1 infection (37 (link)). Isotype controls were used to determine the background signal. Data acquisition was performed with BD LSRFortessa X-20 flow cytometer (BD Biosciences) and data analysis with FlowJo software v10.0.7 (Tree Star Inc.). Gating strategy is shown in Supplementary Figure 1.
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2

SARS-CoV-2 Variants Cytotoxicity Assay

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Vero E6 cells were infected with equal amounts (100 ng p24 Gag/well) of the most important variants of SARS-CoV-2 within clade 19B that were circulating in Spain at the time of the study: D614 and G614 [24 (link)]. Both pseudotyped viruses pNL4-3Δenv_SARS-CoV-2-SΔ19(G614)_Ren and pNL4-3Δenv_SARS-CoV-2-SΔ19(D614)_Ren were incubated with Vero E6 cells for 48 h. Then, Vero cells were co-cultured for 1 h with PBMCs isolated from the participants (ratio 1:10). Vero cells were detached with trypsin-EDTA solution (Sigma Aldrich-Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), and induction of cytotoxicity was measured using Caspase-Glo 3/7 Assay system (Promega) to evaluate the PBMCs-induced activation of caspace-3 in the monolayer. Viral infection in Vero E6 cells was also determined by measuring Renilla with Renilla Luciferase Assay kit (Promega) in Centro XS3 LB 960 luminometer (Berthold Technologies).
PBMCs were collected previous to detach the Vero E6 monolayer to evaluate the presence of the following cytotoxic cell populations: Natural Killer (NK) (CD3CD56+CD16±), NKT-like (CD3+CD56+), and TCRγδ (CD3CD8±TCRγδ+) cells by using specific conjugated antibodies: CD3-PE, CD8-APC H7, TCRγδ-FITC, CD56-BV605, and CD16-PercP (BD Biosciences). Analyses were performed using a BD LSRFortessa X-20 flow cytometer and FlowJo software version 10.7.1 (Tree Star Inc.).
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3

DCC-mediated SARS-CoV-2 Pseudovirus Assay

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For analysis of DCC, Vero E6 cells were infected with equal amounts of pNL4-3Δenv_SARS-CoV-2-SΔ19(G614)_Ren [17 (link)] and pNL4-3Δenv_SARS-CoV-2 SΔ19(D614)_Ren (100 ng p24 Gag/well) pseudoviruses. After 48 h, Vero cells were co-cultured for 1 h with PBMCs (ratio 1:2). Caspase-3 activity was measured in the monolayer using Caspase-Glo 3/7 Assay system (Promega). Cytotoxic cell populations such as NK, NKT and TCRγδ+ cells were analyzed in the supernatant using specific conjugated antibodies: CD3-PE, CD56-BV605, CD16-PercP, CD8-APC_H7, and TCRγδ-FITC (BD Biosciences). Data were acquired and analyzed in a BD LSRFortessa X-20 flow cytometer (BD Biosciences) using FlowJo_V10 software (TreeStar).
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4

Measuring ADCC Capacity of Patient PBMCs

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The Raji cell line was used as target to measure ADCC capacity of PBMCs of patients and donors, as described before [39 (link)]. Briefly, Raji cells were previously labeled with PKH67 Green Fluorescent Cell Linker (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) and then coated with rituximab (50 μg/mL) (Selleckhem, Houston, TX, USA) for 4 h. Labeled Raji cells were then cocultured for 18 h with PBMCs (1:2 ratio) from the recruited patients and healthy donors. Apoptosis of Raji cells was determined by staining with Annexin V conjugated with phycoerythrin (PE) (Immunostep, Salamanca, Spain). Cytotoxic cell populations such as natural killer (NK), NKT-like and TCRγδ+ cells were analyzed in the supernatants using specific conjugated antibodies: CD3-PE, CD56-BV605, CD16-PercP, CD8-APC H7, CD107a-PE-Cy7, and TCRγδ-FITC (BD Biosciences). Data acquisition was performed in a BD LSRFortessa X-20 flow cytometer and FACS Diva software (BD Biosciences). FlowJo software (Tree Star Inc.) was used for data analysis.
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5

Comprehensive Immune Cell Phenotyping

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The following antibodies were used for flow cytometry analysis: CD4-APC-Cy7, CD4-PerCP, CD127-PE, CD127-Alexa Fluor® 647, CD25-FITC, CD25-PE-Cy7, CD14-FITC, CD16-FITC, CD20-FITC, CD45RO-PE, CD56-FITC, CD11c-FITC, TCRγδ-FITC (all from BD Pharmingen). Anti-hOX40 antibodies were purchased from eBioscience (ACT35). Anti-Foxp3 staining antibodies (236A/E7, PCH101) were from eBioscience and staining was conducted using Foxp3 fixation-/permeabilization buffer according to manufacturer’s instructions. Flow cytometry was performed on a flow cytometer (FACS Calibur or LSRFortessa, Becton Dickinson). FACS sorting was conducted on a cell sorter (FACS Aria II, BD). Functional grade anti-CD3 (OKT3) was purchased from Centocor Ortho. Antibodies against TLRs 1 were from Abcam Inc (GD2-F4), and 2, 5, 9 from BD Biosciences (EB72-1665,).
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6

Isolation and Characterization of Brain Immune Cells

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After sacrificing the experimental mice at 72 hours after ICH, brain peri-hematoma tissue was harvested and suspended in RPMI-1640 medium. The tissue was then digested in a shaker at 37°C, rotating at 950 × g, for 5 minutes with the addition of type IV collagenase (1 mg/mL) and DNase I (50 mg/mL). Cell supernatants were then removed, resuspended, isolated by centrifugation, and washed with RPMI-1640 prior to flow cytometry. The final cell amount was equivalent in both groups, with a concentration of 2 × 106/mL. Cells from brain peri-hematoma tissue were incubated with fluorescence-labeled antibodies against the surface markers IL-17–APC-Cy7 (Cat. No. 560821; BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA) and TCR γδ–FITC (Cat. No. 559501; BD Biosciences). Incubations were carried out according to the manufacturer’s protocols, at 4°C for 40 minutes in the dark.
In addition, TCR γδ cells were isolated from circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells of C57BL/6 mice. After cell suspension of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, TCR γδ–FITC antibody was added to the suspension and incubated in the dark for 40 minutes. The infiltration of the fluorescence-labeled suspension was then tested. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis was performed using a CytoFLEX flow cytometer (Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA, USA), and data were analyzed using FlowJo software 7.6.1 (FlowJo LLC, Ashland, OR, USA).
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7

SARS-CoV-2 D614G Pseudovirus Cytotoxicity

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Due to D614 SARS-CoV-2 viruses were the majority of the earliest variants detected in Spain within clade 19B [36 (link)], a mutant clone with D614G change was created by site-directed mutagenesis in pNL4-3Δenv_SARS-CoV-2-SΔ19(G614)_Ren pseudovirus [37 (link)]. For analysis of direct cellular cytotoxicity (DCC), Vero E6 cells were infected with equal amounts of both one cycle pseudotyped viruses D614 and G614 (100 ng p24 Gag/well) and then plated onto 48-well plates. After 48 h of incubation, Vero cells were co-cultured for 1 h with PBMCs from patients and healthy donors (ratio 1:10). After detaching Vero monolayer with trypsin-EDTA solution (Sigma Aldrich-Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), caspase-3 activity was measured by luminescence using Caspase-Glo 3/7 Assay system (Promega). Cytotoxic cell populations such as Natural Killer (NK), NKT and TCRγδ+ cells were analyzed in the supernatants using specific conjugated antibodies: CD3-PE, CD56-BV605, CD16-PercP, CD8-APC H7, and TCRγδ-FITC (BD Biosciences). Data acquisition was performed in a BD LSRFortessa X-20 flow cytometer and FACS Diva software (BD Biosciences). FlowJo software (Tree Star Inc.) was used for data analysis.
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8

SARS-CoV-2 Variant Cytotoxicity Assay

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For the analysis of direct cellular cytotoxicity (DCC), Vero E6 cells were infected with equal amounts (100 ng p24 Gag/well) of the most important variants of SARS-CoV-2 within clade 19B that were circulating in Spain at the time of the study: D614 and G614 [21 (link)]. After 48 h of incubation, Vero cells were co-cultured for 1 h with PBMCs from CML individuals and healthy donors (ratio 1:1). After detaching the Vero monolayer with the trypsin-EDTA solution (Sigma Aldrich-Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), caspase-3 activity was measured via luminescence using a Caspase-Glo 3/7 Assay system (Promega). Cytotoxic cell populations such as NK, NKT-like, and Tγδ cells were analyzed in the supernatants using specific conjugated antibodies: CD3-PE, CD56-BV605, CD16-PercP, CD8-APC H7, CD107a-PE-Cy7, and TCRγδ-FITC (BD Biosciences). Data acquisition was performed in a BD LSRFortessa X-20 flow cytometer and FACS Diva software v7.0 (BD Biosciences). FlowJo software v10 (Tree Star Inc.) was used for data analysis.
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