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57 protocols using 1 2 propanediol

1

Lipid Staining Techniques for Zebrafish

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Whole-Fish: Fixed larvae were washed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) for 5 min, and then penetrated by 20, 40, 80 and 100% 1,2-propanediol (Sigma, United States) each for 15 min. Then stained with 0.5% Oil Red O (Sigma, United States) at 65°C in the dark for 1 h. The zebrafish larvae were then incubated in 100% 1,2-propanediol at room temperature for 1 h, and eluted with 80, 40, and 20% 1,2-propanediol each for 10 min. Finally, larvae were imaged by an Olympus U-HGLGPS microscope (Tokyo, Japan).
Cryosections: Fixed zebrafish larvae were dehydrated in 30% sucrose at 4°C for 3 days. After being embedded in optimal cutting tissue (OCT) compound (Leica, Germany), larvae were cut into 14 μM sections. Frozen sections were washed with PBS to remove OCT, incubated in 100% 1, two propylene glycol for 5 min, then stained with 0.7% Oil Red O for 10 min at 60°C, finally eluted with 85% 1,2-propylene glycol and rinsed with PBS to keep the background clean. The slices were imaged with a Nikon Eclipse Ni-U optical microscope (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan).
Cell slides: Fixed cell slides were washed with PBS for 15 min, then incubated with 100% 1,2-propanediol for 10 min. After being stained with 0.7% Oil Red O and decontaminated with 85% 1,2-propanediol and PBS, the slides were imaged with Nikon Eclipse Ni-U optical microscope (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan).
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2

Oil Red O Staining of Lipid Droplets

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Lx2 cells were plated on four-well chambers (LabTek) at 20000 cells/well and treated as described. The following day, cells were fixed with 10% paraformaldehyde (PFA) for 15 min, dehydrated with 1,2-propanediol (Sigma 398039) for 5 min, stained with pre-warmed Oil Red O solution (Sigma O1516) for 10 min at 60 °C and incubated with 85% 1,2-propanediol solution for 5 min. Then, preparations were rinsed twice in distilled water, treated with Gill’s or Mayer’s hematoxylin to stain nuclei and washed twice in water for 3 min.
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3

Quantitative Liver Lipid Staining

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For staining of neutral triglycerides and lipids, 7-mm-thick, frozen liver tissue sections were air-dried for 1 hour at room temperature, then fixed in ice-cold 4% paraformaldehyde (Sigma-Aldrich) for 5 minutes and dried again for 1 hour at room temperature. Sections were placed in 100% 1,2propanediol (VWR) for 5 minutes, then transferred into 0.5% Oil Red O (Sigma-Aldrich) in 1,2-propanediol and incubated for 8 minutes at 55 C. After an incubation in 85% 1,2propanediol for 5 minutes, sections were washed twice in distilled water, counterstained with hematoxylin, and mounted with gelatin-based aqueous mounting media. Sections were evaluated with the Scanscope XT digital slide imager (Aperio Technologies, Sacramento, CA) and Aperio ImageScope software version 12.1 (Aperio Technologies) using an algorithm-based positive pixel count in five nonoverlapping fields of view at Â400 total magnification. Positive pixel counts are expressed as percentages.
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4

Antioxidant Compound Extraction Protocol

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Choline chloride (≥99%), lactic acid (∼90%), 1.2-propanediol (≥99%), ethanol (reagent), methanol (CHROMASOLV®  ≥ 99.9%), water (CHROMASOLV® Plus grade HPLC), 2,2,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox) gallic, ferulic, p-coumaric, sinapic and vanillic acids were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).
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5

Formulation of Compound 1 Solution

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Example 15

20 mg of Compound 1 (>97% purity by HPLC) was dissolved in 8 mL of 1,2 propanediol (Sigma-Aldrich) in a 20 mL capacity glass scintillation vial and allowed to stand overnight at room temperature. 12 mL of either 30 mM acetate buffer at pH 4.2 or saline (sodium chloride for injection BP 0.9%—AstraZeneca) was then added to the solution and thoroughly mixed. The solution was then filter sterilised and dispensed into 1 mL dose of 1 mg/mL concentration of Compound 1.

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6

Topical Ketorolac Tromethamine Formulation

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Ketorolac tromethamine was purchased from Renan Pharmaceutical (Chengdu, China). Commercially available ketorolac tromethamine tablets were manufactured by Mylan Pharmaceutical (Pittsburgh, PA, USA). Isopropyl myristate, 1,2-propanediol, and tartaric acid were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Polyglycerol-3 oleate (Plurol® Oleique CC497) and diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (Transcutol®) were gifted by Gattefossé (Saint-Priest, Rhone, France). Partially neutralized polyacrylate (ViscomateTM, NP700) was obtained from Showa Denko KK (Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan). DAAA was purchased from Xiyue Pharmaceutical (Weinan, China). λ-carrageenan was received from Ika Bio (Shanghai, China). The artificial membrane (With 0.45 μm aperture, polyethersulfone material) was obtained from Keelong Laboratory Equipment (Tianjin, China). The isolated skin of Bama minipigs was purchased from Jingde Agricultural Products (Xingtai, China).
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7

Extraction and Identification of Bioactive Compounds

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Choline chloride (>98.0%), l-(+)-Lactic acid (>98.0%), glycerol (>99.5%), 1,2-propanediol (>99%) and 2,9-Dihydroxy-1,10-dimethoxyaporphine (boldine) analytical standard (purity ≥ 98%), were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Citric acid (>98%), levulinic acid (>98%), l-Proline (>99%), oxalic acid (>99%), sodium carbonate (>99.9%), gallic acid (>98.0%), and Folin–Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent for analysis-grade were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). HPLC-grade acetonitrile, methanol, formic acid, ammonium formate were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). (Sigma Aldrich, Saint Louis) was used as references for identification. Ultrapure water was produced by a Milli-Q apparatus (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA).
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8

Preparation and Dilution of Regorafenib

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Regorafenib (BAY 73-4506) was generously provided by Bayer, AG (Berlin, Germany). A 10 mM stock solution was generated in 100% DMSO (Sigma-Aldrich) and stored at –20 °C. Regorafenib was diluted in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) immediately before use. For in vivo studies, Regorafenib was diluted to a final concentration of 5 mg/mL in 1,2-propanediol, polyethylene glycol 400 and pluronic F68 (42.5/42.5/15) (Sigma-Aldrich) as previously described.21 (link),30 (link) All compound preparations were stored at room temperature in the dark and used the same day. 13-cis-retinoic acid (Sigma-Aldrich) was diluted directly into media prior to use.
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9

Fluorescence Labeling of Hemoglobin

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Glycidol (purity 96.0%), fluorescein‐5‐isothiocyanate (FITC purity ≥90.0%), human hemoglobin lyophilized powder, and 1,2‐propanediol (purity 99.5%) were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich. Acetonitrile and glyceraldehyde (purity 98.0%) were obtained from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Kanto Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., and Nacalai Tesque, Inc., respectively. Other chemicals (L‐valine, L‐d8‐valine, sodium chloride, potassium bicarbonate, hydrochloric acid, ethyl acetate, sodium sulfate, toluene, ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol, ammonium hydroxide, 3‐MCPD (purity 98.0%), epichlorohydrin (purity 99.0%), and acrylic acid (purity 98.0%) were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Ind., Ltd.
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10

Standardized Dispersion Protocol for Oil Spills

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Retinol, retinaldehyde and retinoic acid were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) and were prepared as 1 mM stock in DMSO and stored in the vapor phase of nitrogen liquid. Corexit-EC9500A and Corexit-EC9527A (Nalco Energy Services, L.P., Sugar Land, TX) were kindly provided by Dr. Paddy Wiesenfeld at the U.S. FDA [41 (link)]. SPAN®80 (CAS#1338-43-8), TWEEN®80 (CAS#9005-65-6), TWEEN®85 (CAS#9005-70-3), Dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt (DOSS, CAS#577-11-7), Di-(propylene glycol) butyl ether (CAS#29911-28-2), 2-Butoxyethanol (CAS#111-76-2), and 1,2-Propanediol (CAS#57-55-6) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Chemical concentration of 1ppm is defined as 0.0001% v/v except for DOSS, which is 0.0001% w/v.
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