For GTT, mice fasted overnight (16 h) were intraperitoneally injected with glucose at a dose of 2 mg/g body weight and blood glucose was measured 0, 15, 30, 90, 120, 150, and 180 min after glucose injection8 (link). For ITT, insulin was given at a dose of 3 µg/kg body weight to mice fasting from 8:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m., and blood glucose was monitored 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 min after insulin administration8 (link). Blood glucose was evaluated with a B-Glucose Analyzer (HemoCue, Lake Forest, CA).
B glucose analyzer
Manufactured by HemoCue
Sourced in Sweden
The HemoCue B Glucose Analyzer is a portable device designed for the measurement of glucose levels in whole blood samples. The analyzer utilizes a photometric method to provide accurate and reliable glucose results. The core function of the HemoCue B Glucose Analyzer is to quickly and efficiently determine the glucose concentration in a small blood sample.
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Lab products found in correlation
Bp 2000 blood pressure analysis system, by Visitech (3 mentions)
Telmisartan, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Dca 2000 hba1c kit, by Bayer (2 mentions)
Streptozotocin (stz), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Metabolic cage, by Braintree Scientific (1 mentions)
Albuwell m kit, by Exocell (1 mentions)
1290 infinity uhplc, by Agilent Technologies (1 mentions)
Tripletof 5600 mass spectrometer, by AB Sciex (1 mentions)
Immulite 2000, by Siemens (1 mentions)
G4 platinum cgm system, by Dexcom (1 mentions)
16 protocols using b glucose analyzer
1
Glucose and Insulin Tolerance Tests
2
Telmisartan Effects on Diabetic Rat Kidneys
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Weight 180–200 g male rats were treated with STZ (Sigma, Deisenhofen, Germany) to induce type 1 diabetes. STZ was dissolved in sterile citrate buffer (pH 4.5) and injected intraperitoneally (65 mg/kg body weight) within 10 min of preparation. The non-diabetic rats initially injected with STZ vehicle served as controls (group Con, n = 10). Diabetes mellitus was confirmed by measuring glucose levels tail venous blood using a B-glucose analyzer (HemoCue, Angelholm, Sweden) 7 days later. Rats with random blood glucose level >16.7 mmol/L were included in experiments.
The diabetic rats then received telmisartan (Merck, PHR 1855, 10 mg kg−1·d−1 po, group DM + Tel, n = 10) or vehicle (group DM, n = 10) by gavage for 4 weeks. telmisartan used in this paper was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Germany, Inc., whose purity is 98%+ (HPLC). Periodically, blood glucose and body weights were measured, and urine samples for quantitative measurement of albuminuria was collected in metabolic cages. Rats were sacrificed under anesthesia after 4 weeks, the kidneys were removed and weighed for histological analysis and protein extraction.
The diabetic rats then received telmisartan (Merck, PHR 1855, 10 mg kg−1·d−1 po, group DM + Tel, n = 10) or vehicle (group DM, n = 10) by gavage for 4 weeks. telmisartan used in this paper was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Germany, Inc., whose purity is 98%+ (HPLC). Periodically, blood glucose and body weights were measured, and urine samples for quantitative measurement of albuminuria was collected in metabolic cages. Rats were sacrificed under anesthesia after 4 weeks, the kidneys were removed and weighed for histological analysis and protein extraction.
3
Metabolic and Cardiovascular Assessments
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Blood glucose was measured using a B-glucose analyzer (HemoCue, Lake Forest, CA) on blood samples after a 6-h fast initiated at 6:00 a.m. Blood was collected in conscious mice via the saphenous vein. Mice were trained three times in metabolic cages (Braintree Scientific, Braintree, MA) before 24-h urine collections. Briefly, a single mouse was put into a metabolic cage for 24 h and then returned to its original cage for 2 d before the next training period. The metabolic cages were moisturized to minimize the evaporation of urine sample when 24-h urines were collected. Urinary albumin and creatinine excretion was determined using Albuwell M kits (Exocell, Philadelphia, PA). Systolic blood pressure was measured in conscious, trained mice at room temperature using a tail-cuff monitor (BP-2000 Blood Pressure Analysis system; Visitech Systems).
4
Precise Measurement of Blood Hormones
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Blood glucose was measured in whole blood by HemoCue B-Glucose-Analyzer, HemoCue AB, Angelholm, Sweden. The other blood samples were centrifuged, and plasma and serum were stored at −80 °C. Serum concentrations of insulin (all time points) and of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (first and third baseline time points) were determined by Immulite (DPC, Los Angeles, CA). Plasma concentrations of estradiol (ie, 17β-estradiol) and testosterone were determined for every other sampling time point by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to QTOF mass spectrometry. In brief, plasma samples were diluted with 5% (w/v) phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and steroids extracted by solid-phase extraction with an Oasis PRiME HLB SPE cartridge. The extracts were evaporated and reconstituted in methanol before chromatographic separation was performed on an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography instrument (1290 Infinity UHPLC; Agilent Technologies, Waldbronn, Germany). Analyte detection was carried out on a hyphenated TripleTOF 5600+ mass spectrometer (Sciex, Concord, Ontario, Canada). For quantification, a surrogate calibrant method using 13C3-estradiol and 13C3-testosterone in true plasma matrix was established. Quantifiable ranges for estradiol and testosterone were 10 to 1000 pg/mL and 20 to 15 000 pg/mL, respectively.
5
Glucose Tolerance Test Protocol
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Fasting plasma glucose and insulin values were measured within 2 min before t0. At t0, subjects ingested a standardized solution of 75 g glucose dissolved in 300 mL water (Added pharma, Oss, The Netherlands). Subsequent measurements took place at t10, t20, t30, t60, t90 and t120 with t in minutes. Plasma glucose measurements were performed using the HemoCue B-Glucose Analyzer (HemoCue AB, Ängelholm, Sweden). Insulin was measured by chemiluminescent immunometric assay (Immulite 2000, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostic Products).
6
Fasting Blood Lipid and Glucose Analysis
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All blood samples were obtained in the fasting state and were analysed for the concentrations of total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides (TG) and HbA1c (MonoS) at the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. HbA1c (NGSP) was calculated as 0.956 × HbA1c (MonoS) + 1.182, and HbA1c (IFCC) was calculated as 10.45 × HbA1c (MonoS) − 10.62. Plasma glucose concentration was assessed by a HemoCue B-Glucose analyzer (HemoCue AB, Ängelholm, Sweden).
7
Diabetic Mouse Model Generation and Insulin Treatment
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Mating was timed overnight and the appearance of vaginal plug in female ICR mice (age 6–7 weeks) was considered as pregnancy the next morning. To generate the diabetic mouse model, pregnant female ICR mice received a single injection of streptozotocin (STZ) at a dose of 200 mg/kg. Four days after injection, a tail-blood sample was measured for glucose concentrations via a Hemocue B glucose analyzer (Stockholm, Sweden) once a week. If glucose levels were greater than 260 mg/dl, the animal was selected for use as a diabetic model (Fig 1A ). For the insulin treatment group, 2 IU insulin (Sanofi-Aventis, Germany) was injected into diabetic mice twice at 12:00 and 24:00 from day 4 after STZ injection until fetal birth. Following insulin injection, glucose level was monitored from day 5 once every week to ensure that blood glucose returned to normal level (Fig 1C ). Female ICR mice of similar age injected with the sodium citrate vehicle buffer were selected as control animals (Fig 1B ).
8
Glucose Homeostasis Evaluation in Mice
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An IPGTT was performed at the end of the 4-week treatment period as previously described [14 (link),15 (link)], and the area under the curve of glucose (AUCg) was calculated by trapezoidal estimation using the values obtained in the IPGTT. Plasma insulin level was measured in duplicate by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (Dainabot Corp., Tokyo, Japan). Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level was measured using a hemoCue B-Glucose Analyzer (HemoCue AB, Angelholm, Sweden) and DCA 2000+HbA1c kit (Bayer, Elkhart, IN, USA). The homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-R) index was calculated using the following formula: HOMA-IR = fasting insulin (international units/mL) × fasting glucose (mmol/L) / 22.5.
9
Continuous Glucose Monitoring During Fasting
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A G4 Platinum CGM system (Dexcom, San Diego, CA, USA) was used per manufacturer’s instructions to measure interstitial glucose. The sensor was calibrated every 12 h via capillary BG measurements by finger stick using a HemoCue B-glucose analyzer (HemoCue, Brea, CA, USA). After completing the fast, CGM data was exported to Microsoft Excel to determine the mean, maximum, and minimum BG, as well as percent time spent ≤ 70 mg/dL and frequency of hypoglycemic episodes. A hypoglycemic episode was defined as three or more consecutive CGM glucose readings ≤ 70 mg/dL (Level 1) or ≤ 54 mg/dL (Level 2) [26 (link)].
10
Fasting Glucose Tolerance Assay
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