Patients were examined in a 1.5-T MRI scanner (Achieva XR, Philips Healthcare, Best, Netherlands) in supine position, using the whole-body coil and a two-point Dixon sequence. Data were acquired in two contiguous stacks of 25 images between pelvic floor and diaphragm using a breath-hold technique to reduce motion artefacts. Other imaging parameters were: slice thickness 10 mm, interslice gap 0.5 mm, repetition time TR = 76 ms, echo times TE = 2.3 and 4.6 ms, flip angle = 70°, field of view = 530 mm × 530 mm, acquisition matrix = 216 × 177, reconstruction matrix = 480 × 480, total acquisition time TA = 10 × 13 seconds plus breathing intervals.
Achieva xr
Manufactured by Philips
Sourced in Netherlands
The Achieva XR is a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system designed by Philips. It is a versatile and reliable diagnostic tool that utilizes powerful magnetic fields and radio waves to generate detailed images of the body's internal structures. The Achieva XR is capable of producing high-quality images that can assist healthcare professionals in the diagnosis and monitoring of various medical conditions.
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8 protocols using achieva xr
1
MRI Imaging of Pelvic Floor and Diaphragm
2
Abdominal Adipose Tissue Quantification
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Data were acquired on a standard clinical system that was upgraded from 1.5 to 3 Tesla throughout the original clinical trial (Achieva XR and dSTREAM, Philips, Best, Netherlands). For this analysis, however, we only considered one field strength (1.5 T) to reduce variability. Patients were examined in supine position with arms on the side and images were acquired in breath-hold technique (expiration) using the whole-body coil for signal reception. Fat-sensitive transverse MR images (two-point Dixon sequence, slice thickness 10 mm, interslice gap 0.5 mm) were acquired to minimally include the abdominal region between diaphragm and pelvic floor using two contiguous stacks of 25 images each. Our measurement of abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (ASAT) volume, however, relied on a fixed landmark (vertebra T9) rather the more variable position of the diaphragm as recommended by Ulrich et al. [14 (link)]. Further technical details, including all relevant MR parameters, can be found in a previous report [15 (link), 16 ].
3
Pelvic MRI Protocol for Rectal Cancer
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Pelvic MRI examination (1.5-T system, Signa Excite HD, GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI, USA for the training dataset, 1.5-T system, Signa Voyager HD, GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI, USA and 1.5T system, Achieva XR, Software release 5.3.1, Philips, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, respectively, for the validation datasets) with an eight-channel phased-array coil performed at baseline and 30 ± 15 days after the end of C-RT was available for all the patients included in the study (see Table 1 for the characteristics of the three MRI vendors).
The imaging protocol was chosen following the European Society of Gastrointestinal Abdominal Radiology (ESGAR) recommendations [5 (link),7 (link),69 (link)].
The imaging protocol consisted of high-resolution fast spin-echo (FSE) T2-weighted sequences in the sagittal, axial, and coronal–oblique planes, oriented perpendicularly and parallel to the axial extension of the lesion in the rectal lumen [69 (link)]. The DWI is based on the echo-planar spin-echo (SE-EPI) sequence. A fat-saturated pulse was always applied to avoid chemical shift artifacts. Each sequence was acquired in the same axial oblique plane of the T2-weighted images by application of a b-factor and relative apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps.
The imaging protocol was chosen following the European Society of Gastrointestinal Abdominal Radiology (ESGAR) recommendations [5 (link),7 (link),69 (link)].
The imaging protocol consisted of high-resolution fast spin-echo (FSE) T2-weighted sequences in the sagittal, axial, and coronal–oblique planes, oriented perpendicularly and parallel to the axial extension of the lesion in the rectal lumen [69 (link)]. The DWI is based on the echo-planar spin-echo (SE-EPI) sequence. A fat-saturated pulse was always applied to avoid chemical shift artifacts. Each sequence was acquired in the same axial oblique plane of the T2-weighted images by application of a b-factor and relative apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps.
4
Quantifying Hepatic Lipid Fraction
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MR examinations were performed on a 1.5-T scanner (Achieva XR, Philips Healthcare, Best, Netherlands) as previously described in detail before [18 (link)]. In brief, single-voxel MR spectra were acquired using a point-resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) technique. Voxels sized 8 cm3 were placed in liver segment VII avoiding larger bile ducts and vessels. MR spectra were analyzed with a commercial tool that determines the relative concentrations of hepatic lipids (LCModel 6.3, Oakville, Canada) and the liver fat content was calculated as relative hepatic fat fraction (given in %). The liver volume calculation was performed using a custom-made software tool (Matlab, MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA).
5
Multiparametric MRI for Prostate Cancer Detection
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All patients underwent mpMRI prior to biopsy using a 1.5 or 3.0 Tesla scanner (Achieva XR, Philips Medical System, Best, Netherlands; GE Discovery MR750, GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA) with or without an endorectal coil. The functional technique of MRI was based on a combination of T2-weighted (T2W) images, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) studies. Lesions were characterized and graded using the Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) version 2.0 or 2.1, with a final grade from 1 to 5 indicating a greater probability of csPCa [35 (link)]. All mpMRI performed were analyzed by expert uro-radiologists (one to three per center, with minimum of five years of experience) blinded from patient characteristic, urine test score and biopsy outcome.
6
MR Arthrography Protocol for Shoulder Imaging
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A 1.5-Tesla MR imaging system (Achieva XR, Philips) was used with a dedicated shoulder array coil. The patients were placed supine with the shoulder in neutral position, the arm placed along the side and the thumb pointing upwards. All patients were asked to give written informed consent before the procedure. MR arthrography was performed immediately after the intraarticular injection of 20 ml of paramagnetic contrast medium (Dotarem 2.5 mmol/l, Guebet). The image acquisition protocol is summarized in Table 2 .
Detailed MRI protocols
| Multiplanar (coronal, axial, and sagittal plane) T1-weighted spin-echo sequences with isotropic voxel: repetition time (RT) 9.5 ms, echo time (ET) 4.7 ms, flip angle (FA) 7°, matrix 320 × 307 pixels, 0.8 × 0.8 mm pixel size, number of signal averages (NSA) 1, thickness 0.54 mm; RT 500 ms, ET 12 ms, thickness 3.5–4 mm | Oblique coronal and sagittal T1-weighted turbo spin-echo sequences (TSE T1): RT 500 ms, ET 18 ms, FA 90°, matrix 384 × 307 pixels, 0.8 × 0.8 mm pixel size, NSA 1, thickness 3.5–4 mm | Coronal fat-saturated PD/T2-weighted (dual) fast spin-echo sequences (FSE PD/T2 FAT SAT): RT 4000 ms, ET 10/80 ms, FA 90°, matrix 230 × 256 pixels, 0.8 × 0.8 mm pixel size, NSA 1, thickness 3.5–4 mm |
The field of view (FOV) was variable from 16 to 20 cm
7
Comprehensive MRI Examination for Prostate Evaluation
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MRI examination and analysis. All the MRI examinations were performed with a 32 channels 1.5 T whole body scanner (Achieva XR; Philips Medical Systems, Best, Netherlands) with a 32-channels phased-array surface coil without endorectal coil. After local three-plane acquisition, required for the correct positioning of the sequences, the morphological and functional studies were carried out. Morphological study of the prostate gland were obtained with Turbo Spin Echo (TSE) T2weighted sequences (TE 100 msec, TR 4074 msec, Slice Thickness 3 mm, Slice Spacing 0.3 mm, Field of View -FOV 180 x 180 mm and matrix size 276 x 205) in the sagittal, axial and coronal planes, including seminal vesicles and the entire prostate gland. For the functional study, DWI, DCE-MRI and MRS acquisition were performed. The DWI acquisition was carried out in the axial plane, using a single-shot echo-planar imaging (SSEPI) sequence, with three b-values (0, 600 and 1500 s/mm 2 ), slice thickness of 3 mm, FOV 180 x 180 mm and matrix size 80 x 71. The DCE-MRI was obtained using three-dimensional (3D) T1W High Resolution Isotropic Volume Examination (THRIVE) sequence during the intravenous injection of a contrast bolus of 0.1 mmol per kilogram of body weight of Meglumine gadobenate (Multihance, Bracco Diagnostics, Milan, Italy), at flow rate of 3.5 ml/sec followed by 15 ml of saline solution.
8
Comprehensive NAFLD Assessment Protocol
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The NASH score and fibrosis score were assessed on liver sections by a certified pathologist as described elsewhere (8 (link),9 (link)). The NASH Clinical Research Network system for scoring activity and fibrosis in NAFLD was used to calculate the NAFLD Activity Score ranging 0–8 (10 (link)).The activity score is graded according to the intensity of necroinflammatory lesions (A0 = no activity, A1 = mild activity, A2 = moderate activity, and A3 = severe activity), and the fibrosis score is assessed on a five-point scale (F0 = no fibrosis, F1 = portal fibrosis without septa, F2 = few septa, F3 = numerous septa without cirrhosis, and F4 = cirrhosis) (11 (link)). Liver volume was quantified by magnetic resonance imaging (Achieva XR, Philips Healthcare, Best, the Netherlands; N = 42) and calculated by an adapted software package (Matlab; MathWorks, Natick, MA).
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