Example 2
A P-2000 CO2 laser puller (Sutter Instrument, Novato, Calif.) was used to pull quartz capillaries (Q100-70-7.5, Sutter Instrument, Novato, Calif.) to inner diameters that range from 20 nm to 35 nm. All capillaries were cleaned with piranha solution (3:1 v/v H2SO4:30% H2O2) prior to pulling. After fabrication, all pipettes were imaged using scanning electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy (Quanta FEG 600F, FEI, Hillsboro, Oreg.). Pipettes were back-filled with PBS using a MicroFil needle (World Precision Instruments, Sarasota, Fla.) and centrifuged before use in experiments.