Acs or hplc grade

Grape juice ACN concentrate and black carrot ACN juice concentrates were obtained by DDW The Color House (Port Washington, WI, USA). Purple corn ACN powder was obtained from Artemis International, Inc. (Fort Wayne, IN, USA). Grass-fed WP isolate (less than 1% Non-GMO sunflower lecithin) was purchased from ProMix Nutrition (Gainesville, FL, USA). The chemicals and reagents (ACS or HPLC grade) were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA), including methanol, acetonitrile, citric acid, hydrochloric acid (HCl), sodium phosphate dibasic (Na₂HPO₄), potassium chloride and sodium acetate. ACS grade ethyl acetate and formic acid were obtained from Mallinckrodt Chemicals (Bedminster Township, NJ, USA) and Honeywell (Morris Plains, NJ, USA), respectively.

Three ACN-rich sources with different anthocyanin profiles were evaluated in this study. Purple corn ACN powder, rich in cyanidin-3-glucoside with and without malonic acid acylation, was obtained from Artemis International, Inc. (Fort Wayne, IN, USA). Grape juice ACN concentrate, rich in malvidin-3,5-diglucoside with or without coumaric acid, and black carrot ACN juice concentrates, rich in cyanidin-3-tryglycosides acylated with hydroxycinnamic acids, were obtained from DDW, The Color House (Port Washington, WI, USA). Grass-Fed WP isolate (less than 1% non-GMO sunflower lecithin) was purchased from ProMix Nutrition (Gainesville, FL, USA). The purity of WP was about 91%. The chemicals and reagents (ACS or HPLC grade) were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA), including methanol, hydrochloric acid (HCl), sodium phosphate dibasic (Na₂HPO₄), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH₂PO₄), sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), and sodium acetate. ACS grade ethyl acetate was obtained from Mallinckrodt Chemicals (Bedminster Township, NJ, USA). Anhydrous ethanol 200 PRO was purchased from Decon Laboratories, Inc (King of Prussia, PA, USA).