Vinpocetine

Pentoxifylline (PTX), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400, LPS (E. coli 055:B5 serotype), incomplete Freund’s adjuvant (IFA), and RPMI 1640 medium were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Germany). ConA was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (USA). Porcine collagen type II (2 mg mL⁻¹ in 0.05 M acetic acid) was obtained from Chondrex, Inc. (USA). Vinpocetine, EHNA, milrinone, zaprinast, and papaverine were purchased from Cayman Chemical (USA). (±)-LSF was obtained from the Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University (Krakow, Poland). GRMS-55 and 4-(8-((Furan-2-ylmethyl)amino)-1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-purin-7-yl)-N′-(2-hydroxybenzylidene)butanehydrazide were obtained from the Department of Medicinal Chemistry and rolipram from the Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College (Krakow, Poland). Temazepam was a gift from Polfa (Poland). Other reagents and solvents were of HPLC or analytical reagent grade and were purchased from Merck (Germany).

The following drugs were used: ANP and CNP (Tocris, Bristol, UK), DEA/NO (Axxora, Ann Arbor, MI, USA), glutamate (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), IBMX (Sigma), Vinpocetine (Cayman, Ann Arbor, MI, USA), Bay 60-7550 (Cayman), EHNA (Axxora), Milrinone (Sigma), Sildenafil (Cayman), Zaprinast (Santa Cruz, Dallas, TX, USA), 8-Br-cGMP (Biolog, Bremen, Germany), and 8-pCPT-cGMP (Biolog).