The precipitated minerals were collected by scraping, washed twice with 1× PBS (pH 7.4), and suspended in sodium hydroxide (10%) for 30 min. Mineral content was extracted twice with acetone or chloroform and washed twice with 100% ethanol. For X-ray diffraction, purified minerals were air-dried in a spin-vacuum for 30 min at 60 °C. The crystallinity, size, texture, and homogeneity of the dry powder were analyzed with a Bruker D8-Discover X-Ray Diffractometer. For high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, the mineral suspension (in 100% ethanol) was ground manually in a glass grinder and dropped onto a carbon-coated copper grid (Sigma–Aldrich) to allow the ethanol to evaporate. The ultrastructure was examined under a transmission electron microscope (FEI Tecnai F20 200 keV, JEM-2100F, or FEI Titan 80-3000) equipped with a field emission gun (0.1-nm lattice resolution).
Titan 80 3000
Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific
The Titan 80-3000 is a laboratory centrifuge capable of handling sample volumes up to 3,000 milliliters. It features a high-speed rotor that can achieve a maximum relative centrifugal force of 80,000 g. The centrifuge is designed for use in a variety of laboratory applications requiring high-speed separation of samples.
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2 protocols using titan 80 3000
1
Characterization of Biogenic Minerals
2
Characterization of Biogenic Minerals
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The precipitated minerals were collected by scraping, washed twice with 1× PBS (pH 7.4), and suspended in sodium hydroxide (10%) for 30 min. Mineral content was extracted twice with acetone or chloroform and washed twice with 100% ethanol. For X-ray diffraction, purified minerals were air-dried in a spin-vacuum for 30 min at 60 • C. The crystallinity, size, texture, and homogeneity of the dry powder were analyzed with a Bruker D8-Discover X-Ray Diffractometer. For high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, the mineral suspension (in 100% ethanol) was ground manually in a glass grinder and dropped onto a carbon-coated copper grid (Sigma-Aldrich) to allow the ethanol to evaporate. The ultrastructure was examined under a transmission electron microscope (FEI Tecnai F20 200 keV, JEM-2100F, or FEI Titan 80-3000) equipped with a field emission gun (0.1-nm lattice resolution).
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