Edx x max

Initial microstructural characterization of the obtained powders and cells was performed using a Carl ZEISS (Oberkochen, Germany) Auriga scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX—X-Max, Oxford Instrument, Abingdon, UK) detector. The SEM-EDX characterization of the cells was conducted after electrochemical analysis. The crystalline phases were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) θ–2θ (20 to 90°) measurements on a Bruker-D8 Advance equipment (Billerica, MA, USA) at room temperature using Cu-K_α radiation with a nickel filter and Lynx Eye detector. The mesoporous powders were also characterized using a Tristar II Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analyzer (Micromeritics, Norcross, GA, USA).

The morphology of ZIC-cHILIC@MNPs was examined by UHR FE-SEM ULTRA Plus (Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany) with a 17 kV energy source and a magnification of X. The elemental composition of ZIC-cHILIC@MNPs was identified by EDX X-Max (Oxford Instrument, Oxfordshire, UK). The surface functional groups were identified by Spectrum 100 Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy (Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA). The absorbance was scanned from 450 to 4000 cm⁻¹. ATR correction was performed and the data was processed using IR Solutions. Zeta potential (ζ) measurements were conducted using Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS (Worcestershire, UK). Core MNPs and ZIC-cHILIC@MNPs were dispersed in hexane and water, respectively. The data was processed using Zetasizer Software 7.01.