Statistical package for the social sciences software for windows version 20

Continuous variables were expressed as means ± standard deviations, and categorical data were expressed as numbers and percentages. The urinary biomarker levels were compared among all the patient groups, IDO, NDO, DV, HSB, and controls. The differences between two subgroups were compared using post hoc tests based on the Mann–Whitney U test with the Bonferroni correction for controlling overall type-1 errors. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were calculated between the urine biomarkers and urodynamic parameters. The receiver operating curve (ROC) was performed, and the cut-off values (COV) of each urinary biomarker for HSB versus controls; IDO, NDO, and DV versus HSB; IDO and NDO versus DV; and IDO versus NDO were calculated. Urinary biomarkers with a mean value below the minimum detectable concentrations were not included in the final analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software for Windows version 20.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA), and p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Continuous variables were expressed as means ± standard deviations and categorical data as numbers and percentages. Correlation analysis between each urinary biomarker and VAS score, cystoscopic hydrodistention findings (MBC and glomerulation grade), and urodynamic parameters, such as the first sensation of filling (FSF), fullness sensation (FS), and cystometric bladder capacity (CBC), were performed. The urinary biomarker levels between patients with IC/BPS and controls and among the HIC and different NHIC subgroups according to clinical characteristics, urodynamic parameters, and specific histopathological findings were analyzed using analysis of variance. Urinary biomarkers with a mean value below the minimum detectable concentrations were not included in the final analysis. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software for Windows version 20.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) was used for statistical analysis, and p values of < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Descriptive statistics was expressed as means ± standard deviation (SD) or percentages. Differences in expressions of sensory receptors between IC/BPS and controls were analyzed using Student’s t-test, and among multiple IC/BPS subgroups and the controls were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test (non-parametric ANOVA). Effect size was calculated using SPSS, and Cohen’s d and Eta squared values were presented for 2-group and multiple group comparisons, respectively, in the statistical analysis. The magnitudes of effect size were 0.20, 0.50, 0.8, and 1.2 for small, moderate, large, and very large effects in the t-test, respectively [33 (link)]. In multiple group comparison, the effect size was 0.10, 0.25, and 0.40 representing small, medium, and large effects, respectively [34 (link)]. The post hoc tests based on the Mann–Whitney U test with Bonferroni’s correction for controlling overall type-1 errors were performed by comparing the differences between two subgroups. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated between the sensory receptors and inflammatory protein expressions as well as clinical and urodynamic variables. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software for Windows version 20.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) was used for statistical analysis, and p values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant.