Tetrahydrofuran

ZrCl₄ (≥98.0%), 2-aminoterephthalic acid (≥98.0%), mercury standard solution (AAS, 1 mg/mL Hg in 2–5% HNO₃) and lead standard solution (AAS, 1 mg/mL Pb in 2–5% HNO₃) were purchased from Alfa Aesar. CH₃NCS (≥99.0%) and hydroxyethyl starch (98%) were purchased from XiYa Chemical (Linyi, China) Technology. Zn(NO₃)₂·6H₂O (≥98.0%), Cu(NO₃)₂·3H₂O (≥98.0%), FeCl₃·6H₂O (≥98.0%), DMF (A.R.), acetone (A.R.) and C₂H₅OH (A.R.) were purchased from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China). Tetrahydrofuran, K₂Cr₂O₇ (A.R.), CdO (≥99.999%), Ni(NO₃)₂·6H₂O (A.R.), CaCO₃ (A.R.), MgSO₄ (A.R.), Mn(NO₃)₂ (50%, A.R.), THF (A.R.) and HF (≥40%, A.R.) were purchased from Beijing Chemical Works (Beijing, China). Deionized water was used throughout all experiments. PTFE filters (13 mm diameter with pore size of 0.22 μm) were purchased from ZiYang Economic and Trade Corporation (Changchun, China). Substrates used in this work (non-woven fabric made of polypropylene (NWF) with 0.42 mm thickness and a mass density of 120 g/m²) were purchased from commercial sources. All substrates were washed with acetone and dried at 60 °C for 3 h in a vacuum oven before use. All reagents and materials were used as received without further treatment.

Diaminopolypropylene glycol (Jeffamine^® D2000, M_w = 2000) was purchased from Huntsman International LLC (Houston, TX, USA) and dried under vacuum at 90 °C for 5 h. Isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI, 99%) and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI, 99%) were purchased from Aladdin (Shanghai, China). Bis(4-aminophenyl)disulfide (AFD) and 4,4’-diaminodibenzyl (MDA) were supplied by Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan). Tetrahydrofuran was provided by Beijing Chemical works (Beijing, China) and freshly distilled over sodium before use.

Bis(3‐aminopropyl)‐terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane) (NH₂‐PDMS‐NH₂, Mn = ≈3000), Ethylene carbonate (EC, 98%) and Isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI, 99%) were purchased from Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. N, N‐Dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.5%), Dimethylglyoxime (DMG, 98%) and Lithium fluoride (LiF, 99.9%) were purchased from Aladdin Biomedical Technology Co., Ltd. The catalyst dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL, 97.5%) was purchased from J&K Scientific Co., Ltd. Copper (II) chloride (CuCl₂, anhydrous, 98%) was purchased from Alfa Aesar Chemicals Co., Ltd. Tetrahydrofuran (THF, 99.5%) and Hydrochloric acid (HCl, 36.0‐38.0 wt.%) were purchased from Beijing Chemical Works. Ti₃AlC₂ was obtained from 11 Technology Co., Ltd. Linear low‐density polyethylene film (LLDPE) was obtained from Alibaba group. The through‐hole silicon molds with different hole diameters were supplied by Chongqing Yintao Laser Equipment Co., Ltd.

The alkaline lignin was provided by Shandong Longlive Bio-Technology Co., Ltd., China, a by-product of xylooligosaccharides production from corn cob. The lignin was composed of 90.81% Klason lignin, 3.61% acid-soluble lignin, 0.63% sugars, 2.16% ash, and 2.79% others (Shao et al., 2018 (link)). 5 wt% Ru/C, formic acid (FA, 99%), ethyl acetate (HPLC grade, 99.9%), and acetophenone (standard for GC, 99.5%) were provided by Aladdin^® company. Methanol (99.5%), ethyl acetate (99.5%), and tetrahydrofuran (THF, 99.0%) were analytical grade and provided by Beijing Chemical Works. AlCl₃, CrCl₃, LiCl, NaCl, FeCl₃, FeCl₂, MgCl₂, ZnCl₂, KCl, and Zn(OAC)₂ were also analytical grade and purchased from Macklin^® company. All reagents were used as received.