Lyra 3 xmu

The morphology of the sensor was observed via focusing ion beam field emission scanning electron microscopy (Tescan, LYRA 3 XMU, Prague, Czech) and a laser confocal microscope (Carl Zeiss, LSM800, Berlin, Germany). The surface of the sensor was sputtered with a layer of gold using an ion sputtering machine (Vacuum, MSP-1S, Tokyo, Japan) before the sample was observed using an electron microscope. At the same time, the sensing area of the sensor was observed using a laser confocal microscope, whose excitation light was 488 nm.

The pristine as well as SHI irradiated nanosheets were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Raman Spectroscopy and scanning Kelvin probe microscopy (SKPM) for structural, morphological, optical and surface electronic studies respectively. XRD measurement was done in a PANalytical X’pert pro set up with CuKα radiation (1.54 Å). FESEM images were taken using Tescan Model LYRA 3 XMU. Raman spectroscopic measurements were carried out by using WiTec Model alpha 300 having 532 nm excitation. The work function of pristine and SHI irradiated MoS₂ were obtained using SKPM from KP Technology, United Kingdom. In addition, Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM, JEOL 2100 F) studies were carried out on suspended MoS₂ nanosheets (on TEM grids) before they were deposited on the Si-substrate.

To determine the iron content as well as the magnetite particles’ dispersion within the composites, the fractured surface of dry samples was covered with a thin carbon film (~10 nm). The samples were examined under a scanning electron microscope Lyra 3 XMU (Tescan), operating at 10 kV and coupled with EBSD and EDX analysis systems (Quantax 200, Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA).

The surfaces of leaves were examined by using a Zeiss Scope.A1 microscope equipped with the AxioCam MRc 5 camera and ZEN lite 2012 software (Carl Zeiss MicroImaging GmbH, Jena, Germany). The samples preparation was done by following the next steps: peel the epidermis from the backside of the leaf, mount the sample on a glass slide in distilled water, fix with a coverslip, and observe under the microscope at 40× magnification. For scanning electron microscopy (SEM), leaves were mounted on stubs using carbon double-sided adhesive tape without any treatment. The samples were examined and photographed using LYRA3 scanning electron microscope (LYRA3 XMU, Tescan, Brno, CzechRepublic) with Low Vacuum Secondary Electron Tescan Detector (LVSTD), at 15 kV and magnification 800×.

The crystal phase is recorded on X-ray powder diffraction (XRD, X'pert powder, Philips), while using Cu K_α1 (λ = 1.540 Å) radiation. The microstructure and morphology are determined using scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM, Tescan LYRA 3 XMU), and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). The shape and size of the particles were determined from high-magnification transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM, FEI Tecnai G² F30). The degree of graphitization was confirmed by Micro-Raman spectroscopy (Jobin–Yvon Horiba HR800) using argon ion laser (k = 532 nm) in the range of 800–1800 cm⁻¹. The pore-size distribution is investigated by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller measurement (BET, ASAP 2020 Micromeritics), and the magnetic properties were carried out by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM Lake-Shore 7404, USA) in room temperature.
The EM parameters are analyzed in the test range (2.00–18.00 GHz) by using a vector network analyzer (VNA, Agilent N5245A). According to the mass ratio of sample to paraffin of 1:5, the sample are pressed into a toroidal shape (outer diameter of 7.0 mm and inner diameter of 3.04 mm). The calculated reflection loss (RL) and simulated reflection loss (RL) are calculated by the coaxial reflection/transmission method based on the NRW method and the transmission line theory, respectively.