Hr001

For each subject, personal data (e.g., sex and age) were noted while anthropometric measurements (height and body weight) were taken, using the WHO guidelines [23 ], by qualified personnel in both assessment weeks. A portable stadiometer (Leicester Tanita HR 001, Tanita, IL, USA) and an electronic scale (MQ919, Maniquick, Niederkassel, Germany) were used to measure height to the nearest 1 mm and the body weight to the nearest 100 g respectively. During measuring, children wore a t-shirt and shorts and the body weight was later corrected using the Italian national surveillance system Okkio alla Salute method [24 (link)]. BMI was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters, and the weight status was evaluated through the IOTF gender- and age-related cut-offs for children BMI [25 (link)].

Bodyweight and height were among the anthropometric measurements performed. Tanita MC-780 S MA (Tanita Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) body composition analyzer was used to measure the body weight (kg), and the results were recorded with an accuracy of 100 g. All measurements were performed in the morning after a light breakfast. During the test, the children wore light clothing. Meanwhile, height was measured as the maximal distance from the highest point of the head to the floor using the Tanita HR-001 (Tanita Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) mobile height meter. During this measurement, the child’s feet were brought together; the arms were hanging freely along the body; and the upper back, buttocks, and heels were in contact with the meter. Both measurements were performed in the morning after a light breakfast. Based on the aforementioned measurements, the following indices were calculated:(1)

BMI: Calculated as weight divided by height squared (kg/m²)

(2)

BMI z-score and BMI for age and sex percentile were calculated using the WHO AnthroPlus software, which provides the WHO 2007 references for school-age children and adolescents.

Anthropometric measurements and body composition were obtained using standard methods. Height was measured using a portable stadiometer with a precision of 0.1 cm (without shoes) (TANITA HR-001, Tanita Corporation, Japan). Body composition (including fat %) and body weight were measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) performed by the TANITA MC-780 machine (Tanita Corporation, Japan) with accuracy to 0.1 kg according to the procedure specified in the instruction manual (lightly dressed, without shoes). The assessment of BMI values was made in accordance with the criteria set out by WHO [1 , 46 ]
The subjects were divided into two groups depending on their BMI value. The overweight group (OVER_BMI) was made up of people with BMI of ≥ 25.0, while the control group (CON_BMI) consisted of people with BMI values between 20.0 and 25.0 [2 ]. Further analyses were made in groups divided on the basis of sharing fat mass in total subject’s weight (fat %). The control group (CON_Fat) comprised of subjects with fat % below 20.0% while the overweight group (OVER_Fat) was characterized with fat % over 20.0% [6 ].

All measurements were made in accordance with the principles of good practice and procedures specified in the instruction manual by qualified researchers. Height was measured using a portable stadiometer (without shoes) (TANITA HR-001, Tanita Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). The police officers were asked to stand barefoot on the footprints, with his/her heels together and touching the backstop, keeping their legs straight, shoulders relaxed, and head in the horizontal Frankfurt plane position.
Bodyweight and fat content were measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) using the TANITA MC-780 103 machine (Tanita Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) with an accuracy of 0.1 kg according to the procedure specified in the instruction manual (lightly dressed, without shoes) and with the use of a standard mode. The measurements were performed at room temperature, in light clothing, and under constant hydration conditions. Subjects were recommended to refrain from eating and intense physical exertion for about three hours before the study. The subjects were asked to discard any transmitting devices such as mobile phones or smartwatches that may affect the readings.
Bone mineral density was measured on the forearm of the non-dominant hand using the DEXA method with the EXA 3000 densitometer (OsteoSys Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea).

Body height (without shoes) was measured using a portable stadiometer (TANITA HR-001, Tanita Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). Body weight was measured using a bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) with the TANITA MC-780 103 device (Tanita Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), with an accuracy of 0.1 kg, according to the procedure specified in the instruction manual (lightly dressed, without shoes). All measurements were performed according to the procedure specified in the instruction manual and without any metal objects.

Body mass was measured using a certified medical digital beam scale WB-3000 (TANITA Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). Body height was measured using a measurement rod HR-001 (TANITA Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). Body composition was assessed before the first meal of the day using a densitometry device GE Lunar Prodigy Primo Full Densitometer (GE Healthcare Technologies, Boston, MA, USA).

Anthropometric measurements were taken by a trained dietitian. Prior to the arranged appointment, all participants were informed about the study protocol and were asked to oblige with the following instructions and were asked to abstain from (i) any food for 3 h prior to measurements, (ii) any liquid intake for 3 h prior to measurements, and (iii) any form of physical activity for 24 h.
Anthropometric data, which include body weight, body height, and waist and hip circumferences, were collected. Height was measured to the nearest 0.5 cm using a stadiometer (HR-001, TANITA), with participants asked to wear no shoes, with light clothing. Body weight was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg with the use of a calibrated digital scale (SECA 876, SECA), with participants asked to remove outer clothing, shoes, and anything in pockets. Waist circumference was measured with a stretch-resistant tape over the naked skin or underwear, after a normal expiration, at the midpoint between the lower part of the last rib and the top of the hip. Hip circumference was measured with the same tape over the naked skin or underwear at the maximum circumference over the hips. Waist and hip circumferences were measured with an accuracy of 0.1 cm, two times, and an average value was collected.
Data can be found in Table 1.