Lutein, zeaxanthin, HPLC grade water, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, methanol, Lutein and zeaxanthin were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). Gamma-oryzanol was obtained from Wako (Osaka, Japan) and tocopherols and tocotrienols were purchased from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). 2,7-Dicholorofluorescin diacetate (DCF-DA) kit and caspase-3 assay kit were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM), Penicillin streptomycin, hydrogen peroxide, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-y1)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was obtained from Gibco (Waltham, MA, USA). RIPA buffer was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham MA USA). Phosphate inhibitor and protease inhibitor were purchased from Gen DEPOT (Barker, TX, USA). The antibodies (caspase-3, -7, PARP, Bax, phospho-H2AX, phospho-p53, phospho-chk1, phospho-chk2 and β-actin) used in Western blot analysis were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA).
Zeaxanthin
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, Spain, Poland, Australia
Zeaxanthin is a carotenoid compound found in nature. It is a natural pigment that can be extracted and purified for use in various laboratory applications. Zeaxanthin exhibits certain optical and chemical properties that make it suitable for use in specialized lab equipment and research settings.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Lutein, by Merck Group (44 mentions)
β carotene, by Merck Group (36 mentions)
β cryptoxanthin, by Merck Group (21 mentions)
α carotene, by Merck Group (15 mentions)
Violaxanthin, by Merck Group (11 mentions)
Methanol, by Merck Group (10 mentions)
Astaxanthin, by Merck Group (9 mentions)
Lycopene, by Merck Group (9 mentions)
Chlorogenic acid, by Merck Group (9 mentions)
Ferulic acid, by Merck Group (9 mentions)
Gallic acid, by Merck Group (9 mentions)
Neoxanthin, by Merck Group (8 mentions)
P coumaric acid, by Merck Group (8 mentions)
Caffeic acid, by Merck Group (7 mentions)
Canthaxanthin, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Capsanthin, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Acetone, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Ethanol, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Catechin, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
56 protocols using zeaxanthin
1
Antioxidant and Apoptosis Assays
2
Carotenoid and Vitamin E Quantification
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Lutein (xanthophyll from marigold), zeaxanthin, α- and β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene and phytoene, tocopheryl acetate, trimethylamine, celite, potassium hydroxide (KOH), phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and sodium chloride (NaCl) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (Madrid, Spain). Sodium sulphate anhydrous and pyrogallic acid were supplied by Panreac (Barcelona, Spain). Hexane (Hex), methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), methanol (MeOH), ethanol, dichloromethane (DCl), petroleum ether (PE) and diethyl ether (DE), were obtained from Análisis Vínicos (Spain). MeOH and MTBE were HPLC grade.
3
HPLC-UV-DAD Analysis of Carotenoids
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Carotenoids were extracted by liquid–liquid extraction from plasma samples collected at 0 h and 24 h [32 (link)]. Chromatographic analysis of carotenoids was performed by HPLC-UV-DAD, using an HP 1100 HPLC system (Hewlett-105 Packard, Waldbronn, DE) containing a quaternary pump coupled to a DAD G1315B. The separation was carried out with Milli-Q water, methanol (MeOH) and methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE) (Panreac Quimica S.A., Barcelona, Spain), according to a procedure previously validated in our group [32 (link)]. A Waters RP column YMC Carotenoid S-5 µm (250 mm × 4.6 mm) and a precolumn YMC Guard Cartridge Carotenoid S-5 µm (20 mm × 4.0 mαm) were used.
Zeaxanthin (Extrasynthese, Genay, France), lutein, cryptoxanthin, α-carotene, β-carotene 9- and 13-cis-β-carotene (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), lycopene (Fluka, Bucks, Switzerland), and 5-cis-lycopene (CaroteNature GmbH, Münsingen, Switzerland) were used as standards. These were pooled and prepared in synthetic human plasma (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA).
The sensitivity of each analyte was 0.703 µmol/L (lutein), 0.352 µmol/L (Zeaxanthin), 0.362 µmol/L (cryptoxanthin), 0.480 µmol/L (trans-β-apo-8’-carotenal), 0.745 µmol/L (13-cis-β-carotene), 0.373 µmol/L (9-cis-β-carotene and trans-β-carotene), and 0.186 µmol/L (trans and cis-lycopenes) [32 (link)].
Zeaxanthin (Extrasynthese, Genay, France), lutein, cryptoxanthin, α-carotene, β-carotene 9- and 13-cis-β-carotene (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), lycopene (Fluka, Bucks, Switzerland), and 5-cis-lycopene (CaroteNature GmbH, Münsingen, Switzerland) were used as standards. These were pooled and prepared in synthetic human plasma (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA).
The sensitivity of each analyte was 0.703 µmol/L (lutein), 0.352 µmol/L (Zeaxanthin), 0.362 µmol/L (cryptoxanthin), 0.480 µmol/L (trans-β-apo-8’-carotenal), 0.745 µmol/L (13-cis-β-carotene), 0.373 µmol/L (9-cis-β-carotene and trans-β-carotene), and 0.186 µmol/L (trans and cis-lycopenes) [32 (link)].
4
Carotenoid and Porphyrin Chemical Synthesis
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All-trans-β-carotene (Type II synthetic, purity >95%), lutein from marigold, β-cryptoxanthin (purity >97%), zeaxanthin (purity >95%), lycopene from tomato (purity >90%), butylhydroxytoluene (BHT, purity ≥99%) and triethylamine (TEA, purity ≥99%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Shnelldorf, Germany). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) organic solvents were of analytical grade: methanol (MeOH), absolute ethanol (EtOH), chloroform and hexane were from Carlo Erba (Val-de-Reuil, France), methyl-tert-butyl-ether (MTBE) was from Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK), petroleum ether (PE) was from VWR Prolabo (Fontenay-sous-Bois, France). Ultrapure water was obtained from a purified water system Arium® 611UV from Sartorius (Göttingen, Germany) with a resistivity of 18.2 MΩ*cm. Sodium chloride (NaCl, purity >99%) and potassium hydroxide (KOH, purity >99%) were obtained from VWR Prolabo (Fontenay-sous-Bois, France), and activated magnesium silicate Florisil® at 100–200 mesh (Sigma-Aldrich, Shnelldorf, Germany). Liquid Nitrogen was from Air Liquide (Nancy, France). The synthesis of 5-(4-carboxyphenyl)-10,15,20-triphenyl porphyrin (P1COOH) has been described elsewhere [25 (link)].
5
Carotenoids and Tocopherols Extraction
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Lutein (xanthophyll from marigold), zeaxanthin, α- and β-carotene, β-criptoxanthin and phytoene, tocopheryl acetate, trimethylamine, celite, potassium hydroxide (KOH) and sodium chloride (NaCl) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (Madrid, Spain). Anhydrous sodium sulfate and pyrogallic acid were supplied by Panreac (Barcelona, Spain). Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), methanol (MeOH), ethanol, dichloromethane, petroleum ether and diethyl ether, were obtained from Análisis Vínicos (Spain). MeOH and MTBE were High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic (HPLC) grade.
6
Carotenoid Standards Analysis Protocol
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The carotenoid standards (lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene) were from Sigma-Aldrich/Merck; acetonitrile, ethyl acetate and acetone were of HPLC grade (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), while absolute ethanol for analysis was from Chimreactiv—Romania.
7
Isolation and Characterization of Microalgae Muriellopsis
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The microalga Muriellopsis sp. (MCH35) was selected for this research and was isolated from freshwater in the arid north of Chile (Antofagasta Region), as previously described by Marticorena et al. [14 (link)]. This strain was deposited in the Spanish algae bank with accession number BEA_IDA_0063B. The UMA5 culture medium was of analytical grade and compounds were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). The chemicals used for SFE were carbon dioxide (99% purity), purchased from Indura Group Air Products (Santiago, Chile), and ethanol co-solvent (99.5%), from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Other chemicals such as ultrapure water, ethanol, methanol, hexane, and acetone were of chromatographic grade (Sigma-Aldrich, Santiago, Chile) for the HPLC (Jasco Inc, Tokyo, Japan) system. Individual carotenoid standards such as lutein, zeaxanthin, violaxanthin, astaxanthin, and β-carotene were also procured from Sigma-Aldrich (Santiago, Chile).
8
Carotenoid and Polyphenol Quantification
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HPLC-grade methyl alcohol and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) were obtained from TEDIA (San Francisco, OH, USA). Deionized water was prepared by a Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). DPPH, ABTS, and 2,4,6-tris (2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ) were acquired from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Other analytical grade reagents, such as hexane and acetone, were supplied by Sino Pharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Reference compounds of zeaxanthin, lutein, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, and neoxanthin were provided by Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA), and zeaxanthin dipalmitate was provided by EXTRASYNTHASE (Genay Cedex, France). The purities of zeaxanthin, lutein, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, and neoxanthin were determined to be over 97% and zeaxanthin dipalmitate to be over 95% by HPLC detection. Their structures are shown in Figure S1 . Rutin, gallic acid, and glucose were purchased from Beijing Solarbio & Technology Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China) with a purity over 98%.
9
Carotenoid Extraction and Characterization
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Four carotenoid standards (β-carotene ≥ 95%; canthaxanthin ≥ 95%; zeaxanthin ≥ 95%; and astaxanthin ≥ 97%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The salts were purchased from J.T. Baker and Sigma-Aldrich. Glucanex® and hemicellulase were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich and FoodPro® CBL from Chen-Ding Enterprises Co., Ltd. (Taipei, Taiwan). Acetone and n-hexane (LC grade) were from MERCK (Darmstadt, Germany). For chromatography analysis, LC-grade methanol (MeOH) was obtained from MERCK, and LC-grade methyl tert-butyl ether (MtBE) from Duksan Pure Chemicals (Ansan, South Korea). Both hydrochloric acid and ammonia solutions for pH value adjustment were bought from MERCK (Darmstadt, Germany). The tested salts for chelation were purchased from Alfa Aesar (Ward Hill, MA, USA), J.T. Baker, MERCK, and Sigma-Aldrich. The water was double distilled and deionized (≥18 MΩ·cm resistivity at 25 °C). All standard solutions were prepared using LC-grade Acetone.
10
Carotenoid and Chlorophyll Analysis in Peppers
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Three uniform pepper fruits of each ripening stage were used to determine carotenoid and chlorophyll contents by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using 5 g pericarp tissue. ß-Carotene, zeaxanthin, and capsanthin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Munich, Germany). A Sep-Pak Silica 6-cc Vac Cartridge solid-phase extraction column (Waters, Milford, MA, USA) was used. Acetonitrile, methanol, and methyl tert-butyl ether were HPLC grade. Chromatographic analysis was performed using an Agilent 1260 HPLC system. An analytical C30 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm; YMC Co., Japan) was used. Separation was carried out using methanol/tert-butyl methyl ether (70:30, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min with a column temperature of 25°C. Chromatograms were monitored at a UV wavelength of 450 nm. The procedures were carried out as described previously [40 (link)]. Chlorophyll contents were determined as described previously [60 ]. The experiments were repeated three times.
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