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27 protocols using ab124773

1

Mitochondrial Dynamics and Apoptosis Regulation in Liver Cells

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The liver tissue and HepG2 cells were lysed by RIPA lysis solution (Beyotime, China) to extract the protein. The protein concentration was detected by BCA reaction kit. After quantitative analysis, the total protein was denatured in this study. SDS-Page gel was used for electrophoresis, electrophoresis apparatus (Bio-RAD, USA) was adjusted to 120 V for electrophoresis, PVDF membrane (Millipore, USA) was used for membrane transfer, and skim milk (Sigma, USA) for blocking. Primary antibodies (Abcam, UK): Sirt1 (1:1000; ab189494), optic atrophy 1 (Opa1, 1:1000; ab157457), mitofusin 2 (Mfn2, 1:1000; ab124773), Drp1 (1:1000; ab184247), NRF1 (1:1000; ab34682), mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM, 1:1000; ab252432; Abcam; UK), Bcl-2 (1:2000; ab182858), cleaved-caspase 3 (1:500; ab2302), BCL2-associated X protein (Bax, 1:1000; ab32503), cleaved-caspase 9 (1:2000; ab32539) and GAPDH (1:2500; ab9485) were then added overnight to incubate. The next day, goat anti-rabbit antibody (1:2000; ab288151) was incubated for 1 h with slow shaking at 25 °C. The immunoreactive bands were visualized by intensive chemiluminescent reagent. The gray value was analyzed by ImageJ software.
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2

Western Blot Analysis of Mitochondrial and Apoptotic Proteins

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Total cell lysates were prepared from cells or brains using RIPA buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl [pH 7.5], 150 mM NaCl, 1% sodium deoxycholate, 1% Triton X-100, and 0.1% SDS) supplemented with protease inhibitors (Calbiochem) and incubated with Benzonase nuclease (Novagen) at room temperature for 5 min. After sonication for 30 sec, the lysates were centrifuged at 20,000 × g for 10 min at 4°C to remove insoluble debris. Proteins were separated on 10% SDS-PAGE gels and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. The membranes were blocked with 2% FBS/0.5% skim milk in PBST (0.05% tween 20) and probed with various antibodies at 4°C overnight. The bands were visualized using an ECL detection system (GE Healthcare) and analyzed with a LAS4000 mini Luminescent Image Analyzer (GE Healthcare). The band intensity was quantified by using ImageQuant TL (GE Healthcare). The antibodies used were: NDUFA9 (1:250 Abcam ab14713), SDHA (1:1000 Molecular Probe A-11142), UQCRC2 (1:500 Abcam ab14745), ATP5α (1:1000 Molecular Probe A-11144), Drp1 (1:500 Abcam ab56788), Mfn1 (1:500 Abcam ab104274), Mfn2 (1:500 Abcam ab124773), VDAC1/Porin (1:800 Abcam ab15895), ATF-4 (1:1000 CST 11815), β-actin (1:1000 MBL M177-3).
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3

Quantifying Mitochondrial Dynamics Proteins

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For Western blot, hippocampus tissues were flash frozen and then stored at –80°C until homogenization. Tissues were homogenized for 30 min in ice-cold RIPA lysing buffer [25 mM Tris–HCl (pH 7.6), 150 mM NaCl; 1% NP40; 1% sodium deoxycholate; 0.1% sodium deoxycholate, 0.1% SDS] for a radioimmunoprecipitation assay (Redwood City, California, USA). Protein levels were tested using the bicinchoninic acid method. We prepared a 10% separation gel and a 5% stacking gel. Proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE (140 V), then transferred to a polyvinylidene fluoride membrane (150 mA, constant current, 2 h) and incubated for 1 h at room temperature with 5% skim milk in tris-buffered saline/t solution and then with primary antibodies overnight at 4°C. The membranes were washed with a tris-buffered saline/t buffer three times (5 min/time) and then incubated for 1 h with secondary antibodies. Proteins were exposed by electrochemiluminescence; membranes were washed three times at 5 min intervals and analyzed using a PharosFX Plus Molecular Imager (Bio-Rad). The antibodies were anti-DRP1 (8570, 1 : 1000; Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, Massachusetts, USA), anti-FIS1 (10956-1-Ap, 1 : 500; Proteintech, Wuhan, P,R,C), anti-MFN2 (ab124773, 1:1000; Abcam, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA), anti-OPA1 (ab157457, 1 : 1000; Abcam), and anti-β-actin (20536-1-Ap, 1 : 2000; Proteintech).
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4

Western blot analysis of mitochondrial proteins

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Ice‐cold lysis buffer (with protease inhibitors) was used to lyse cells. After centrifugation, total proteins in the supernatants were quantified using BCA kit (P0010, Beyotime, Shanghai, China). Note that 30‐μg protein was loaded per lane in 10% SDS‐PAGE and electrophoresed on a PVDF membrane for detection with antibodies. Primary antibodies are as follows: β‐tubulin (#2128, 1:1000, Cell Signalling Technology, MA, USA); β‐actin (#4970, 1:1000, Cell Signalling Technology, MA, USA), p‐mTOR (phosphor S2448, 1:1000, Cell Signalling Technology, MA, USA), MFN2 (ab124773, 1:1000, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), DRP1 (ab184247, 1:1000, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), OPA1 (ab157457, 1:1000, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), MFF (#17090‐1‐AP, 1: 5000, Proteintech, IL, USA) and FIS1 (#10956‐1‐AP, 1:1000, Proteintech, IL, USA). Secondary antibodies were HRP linked anti‐mouse/rabbit IgG (1:2000, #7076/#7074, Cell Signalling Technology, MA, USA). The bound antibodies were visualized with ECL detection (#32106, ThermoFisher Scientific, MA, USA). The gray values were calculated by Image J (NIH, USA).
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5

Protein Expression Analysis of H-ASCs and AAA-ASCs

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The proteins of H-ASCs and AAA-ASCs were extracted and their concentration determined using a bicinchoninic acid assay kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, 231227). A total of 25 μg of protein of each sample was loaded, separated by SDS/PAGE, and then transferred to PVDF membranes. After blocking with 5% fat-free milk in TBST, the membranes were incubated at 4°C overnight with the following antibodies: anti-p-Drp1 ser616 (1 : 1000, Invitrogen, PA5-64821), anti-Drp1 (1 : 1000, Invitrogen, PA5-20176), anti-Mfn2 (1 : 1000, Abcam, ab124773), anti-p53 (1 : 1000, Abcam, ab26), anti-p21 (1 : 1000, Abcam, ab109199), anti-Beclin (1 : 1000, CST, 3738), anti-LC3I/II (1 : 1000, CST, 4108), anti-p62 (1 : 1000, CST, 5114), and GAPDH (1 : 1000, CST, 2118). Subsequently, after washing with TBST three times, the membranes were incubated with secondary antibodies (1 : 3000, CST) at room temperature for 1 hour and then exposed in a dark room.
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6

Western Blotting Analysis of Mitochondrial Proteins

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Brains and cells were homogenized in lysis buffer (50 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, 1% NP40, 0.1% sodium deoxycholate) supplemented with Complete protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche). Cellular debris was pelleted by centrifugation and the supernatant diluted in 2X SDS loading buffer. Mitochondrial fractions and supernatents were prepared as described above. Proteins were electrophoresed through SDS-polyacrylamide gels and transferred to Immobilon P membrane (Millipore). Western blotting (WB) was performed following standard protocols using the following antibodies: rabbit anti-MGRN1 (PTG labs #11285– 1AP, RRID:AB_2143351), MitoProfile total OXPHOS rodent antibody cocktail (MitoSciences #MS604, RRID:AB_2629281), mouse anti-GFP (NeuroMab clone 86/8, RRID:AB_2313651), rabbit anti-MFN2 (Abcam ab124773, RRID:AB_10999860), mouse anti-parkin (PRK8) (Santa Cruz Biotechnology #sc-32282, RRID:AB_628104), and mouse anti-beta-tubulin (3F3-G2) (Santa Cruz Biotechnology #sc-53140, RRID:AB_793543).
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7

Quantitative Protein Profiling by iTRAQ

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Seven-plex iTRAQ reagent kits were obtained from Applied Biosystems (Foster City, CA). Rabbit monoclonal antibodies against Cytokeratin 4 (KRT4, ab51599), Biglycan (BGN, ab109369), Lysozyme (LYZ, ab108508), Lumican (LUM, ab168348), Stathmin 1 (STMN1, ab52630), Mitofusin 2 (MFN 2, ab124773) were purchased from Abcam. Rabbit monoclonal antibodies against LYN (2796) was purchase from CST (LYN Rabbit mAb detects endogenous levels of total LYN protein. This antibody does not cross-react with any other Src-family members.).
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8

Western Blot Analysis of Mitochondrial Regulators

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H9c2 cells and myocardial tissues were lysed with RIPA buffer (Thermo Fisher Scientific), total proteins were extracted from the lysis solution. Applying 10% SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis, protein samples were separated. The separated proteins were transferred to PVDF membranes, and then incubated sequentially with primary antibodies and secondary antibody. The antibodies used in western blotting shown as follows: rabbit anti-FbxL4 (1:1000; bs-13166R; Bioss, Beijing, China), rabbit anti-PINK1 (1:500; 23274-1-AP; Proteintech, Wuhan, China), mouse anti-Parkin (1:500; 39-0900; Thermo Fisher Scientific), rabbit anti-LC3 (1:1000; 14600-1-AP; Proteintech), rabbit anti-cleaved caspase-3 (1:1000; PA5-114687; Thermo Fisher Scientific), rabbit anti-p62 (1:1000; ab240635; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), rabbit anti-Bcl-2 (1:1000; ab196495; Abcam), rabbit anti-Mfn2 (1:1000; ab124773; Abcam), rabbit anti-Drp1 (1:1000; ab184247; Abcam), rabbit anti-GAPDH (1:10000; ab181602; Abcam), rabbit anti-β-actin (1:1000; ab8227; Abcam), goat anti-mouse IgG (1:5000; ab6789; Abcam), goat anti-rabbit IgG (1:10000; ab6721; Abcam). The immunoreactive bands were visualized by enhanced chemiluminescence reagent.
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9

Apelin-13 Regulates Mitochondrial Dynamics

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MSCs were cultured under normoxia or SD/H conditions as described above. In indicated groups, 10 μM U0126 (HY-12031A, MCE) or 10 μM ML221 (HY-103254, MCE) was added together with Apelin-13. The protein of MSCs with different treatments was extracted using RIPA buffer (9806, CST), and the concentration of each sample was determined using a bicinchoninic acid assay kit (231227, Thermo). A total of 30 μg protein from each sample was separated on SDS-PAGE gel and transferred to PVDF membranes. After washing with Tris-buffered saline containing 0.1% Tween-20 (TBST) three times, the membranes were blocked by TBST with 5% fat-free milk and then incubated overnight at 4°C with the following primary antibodies: anti-p-ERK (9101, CST), anti-t-ERK (4695, CST), anti-Drp1 (PA5-20176; Invitrogen), anti-p-Drp1 ser616 (PA5-64821, Invitrogen), anti-Mfn1 (ab57602, Abcam), anti-Mfn2 (ab124773, Abcam), anti-APJ (20341-1-AP, Proteintech), and anti-GAPDH (2118, CST). Subsequently, the membranes were washed with TBST three times and incubated with horseradish peroxide-conjugated secondary antibodies at room temperature for 1 hour. Finally, the membranes were exposed by enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL plus) (Amersham) in a dark room.
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10

Comprehensive Autophagy Protein Analysis

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The following antibodies were used: Rabbit anti-Eva1a/Tmem166 (GeneTex, Irvine, CA, USA, GTX32925), Rabbit anti-Lc3b (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA, L7543), Mouse anti-Gapdh (Sungene, Tianjin, China, KM9002). Antibodies against Atg5 (12994), caspase3 (39665), cleaved caspase3 (39664), Parp (9532), and Ubiquitin (3936) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). Antibodies against Ulk1 (ab128859), Atg16l1 (ab187671), Nbr1 (ab55474), Caspase 6 (ab185645), Bnip3 (ab109362), Drp1 (ab184247), Mfn2 (ab124773), Parkin (ab179812), and Tomm20 (ab186734) were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). Antibodies against p62/SQSTM1 (PM045) and Beclin1 (PD017) were purchased from MBL International (Woburn, MA, USA). Secondary antibodies included DyLight 800/DyLight 680-conjugated IgG against mouse (Rockland, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 610-145-002/610-144-002) or rabbit (Rockland, 611-145-002/611-144-002).
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