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Propofol

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Propofol is a short-acting intravenous anesthetic agent used for the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It is a lipid-soluble, clear, colorless, and odorless liquid.

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Lab products found in correlation

Sprague dawley rat, by Charles River Laboratories (2 mentions) Propoflo, by Abbott (2 mentions) Cefazolin, by Henry Schein (1 mentions) Stereotaxic instrument, by Stoelting (1 mentions) Yohimbine hydrochloride, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Nicotine hydrogen tartrate, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Mecamylamine hcl, by Bio-Techne (1 mentions) Open field chamber, by Med Associates (1 mentions) Isoflurane, by Abbott (1 mentions) Sevorane, by Abbott (1 mentions) Etomidate, by Bachem (1 mentions) Nor bni, by Bio-Techne (1 mentions) Swift membrane stain kit, by G Biosciences (1 mentions)

16 protocols using propofol

1

Feline Anesthesia Protocol for UPP Studies

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A previously established anesthesia protocol used in a previous feline UPP study was followed.16 (link)
 Briefly, the cats were placed in an anesthesia chamber infused with 100% oxygen and 3–5% isoflurane for 3–5 mins until sedation was adequate for catheterization of a cephalic vein. Once the cephalic vein catheter was placed, a bolus (2 mg/kg) of propofol (Abbott Animal Health) was administered, followed by a propofol constant rate infusion (CRI) at 0.2 mg/kg/min. If this degree of anesthesia was not adequate, the CRI was increased to a maximum of 0.3 mg/kg/min until the cat was adequately sedated and then decreased to 0.2 mg/kg/min. Cats were maintained on a propofol CRI for at least 15 mins to allow the isoflurane to dissipate before the urodynamic procedures. Oxygen (2 l/min) was delivered via a face mask during the procedures.
Heart rates, respiratory rates and depth of anesthesia were monitored in all cats by an assistant throughout the procedure. Body temperatures were assessed at the beginning and end of the procedures via a rectal thermometer.
Wang Z., Diaz A., Isdale R., Kofron K., Carr S.V, & Lappin M. (2024). Effect of tamsulosin on urethral tone in healthy male cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 26(2), 1098612X231220845.
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2

Surgical Implantation of Jugular Vein Catheters and Brain Cannulae in Rats

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Forty-eight h after food training, rats were fully anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine (100.0 and 5.0 mg/kg, respectively, i.p.). Intravenous (i.v.) catheters were constructed in-house and were inserted into the right jugular vein, as described previously (Fuchs et al. 2007 (link)). The catheters ran subcutaneously and exited on the back, between the scapulae. Rats were next placed into a stereotaxic instrument (Stoelting, Wood Dale, IL), and 26Ga stainless steel guide cannulae (Plastics One, Roanoke, VA) were aimed bilaterally at the AI (+2.8 AP, ±4.0 ML, −4.1 DV, mm relative to bregma) or the jaw region of the somatosensory cortex (SSJ; +2.8 AP, ±4.0 ML, −2.1 DV, mm relative to bregma). Guide cannulae were secured to the skull with stainless-steel screws and cranioplastic cement. The catheters were flushed daily with 0.1 mL of an antibiotic solution of cefazolin (100 mg/mL; Henry Schein Animal Health, Tualatin, OR) dissolved in heparinized saline (70 U/mL; Patterson Veterinary Supply, Sterling, MA) followed by 0.1 mL of heparinized saline (10 U/mL), to maintain catheter patency. Catheter patency was assessed periodically using propofol (1 mg/0.1 mL; Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, IL), which produces rapid and temporary loss of muscle tone when administered intravenously.
Arguello A.A., Wang R., Lyons C.M., Higginbotham J.A., Hodges M.A, & Fuchs R.A. (2017). Role of the Agranular Insular Cortex in Contextual Control Over Cocaine-seeking Behavior in Rats. Psychopharmacology, 234(16), 2431-2441.
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3

Intravenous Catheter Implantation for Animal Studies

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After food training, animals were anesthetized with equithesin (0.0035 ml/g body weight) and implanted with indwelling jugular vein catheters based on previously published methods (Belluzzi et al. 2005 (link)). During the 2–3 day recovery period, and for the remainder of the study, animals were flushed daily with heparinized saline solution (1 ml of 1000 units/ml heparin into 30 ml of bacteriostatic saline). Catheter patency was verified by infusing 0.1 ml of Propofol (Abbott Laboratories, Chicago, IL) for rapid anesthesia (5–10 sec) after stabilization of self-administration was achieved and again prior to the start of the extinction phase.
Cross S.J., Reynaga D.D., Cano M., Belluzzi J., Zaveri N.T, & Leslie F. (2019). Differences in mechanisms underlying reinstatement of cigarette smoke extract- and nicotine-seeking behavior in rats. Neuropharmacology, 162, 107846.
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4

Olfactory Perception Under Propofol Anesthesia

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All animal experimental procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of Pittsburgh (Pittsburgh, PA, USA) and carried out in accordance with the approved guidelines. Seven-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were purchased from Harlan Laboratories (Indianapolis, IN) and were housed in a temperature and humidity-controlled room, with a 12-h light/dark cycle. Although the animals were not deprived of background odors in their continuously ventilated home cages and had free access to food and water, the odor environment in the dedicated housing facility was strictly controlled to be constant throughout the entire experiment period. Rats were randomly divided into control, awake, and propofol anesthesia groups and were handled identically except for the exposure to anesthesia and experimental odorants. For the anesthesia group, a surgical depth of general anesthesia was achieved by a 10-ml/kg intraperitoneal injection of propofol (10 mg/ml; Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL) and confirmed by sharp foot pinching or tail clamping before exposure to experimental odorants. propofol was chosen because it is an odorless intravenous general anesthetic. The sealed vials and syringe prevented the slight phenolic odor of the emulsion from being exposed. For the awake group, 10 ml/kg normal saline was injected instead.
Jia L.J., Tang P., Brandon N.R., Luo Y., Yu B, & Xu Y. (2016). Effects of Propofol General Anesthesia on Olfactory Relearning. Scientific Reports, 6, 33538.
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5

Jugular Vein Catheter Implantation

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Adult (P85–87) and adolescent (P26–28) animals were anesthetized with equithesin (0.0035 ml/g body weight) and implanted with indwelling jugular vein catheters into the right vein using previously published methods (Belluzzi et al, 2005 (link)). During the 2–3 day recovery period, and for the remainder of the study, animals were flushed daily with heparinized saline solution (1 ml of 1000 units/ml heparin into 30 ml bacteriostatic saline). Catheter patency was verified by infusing 0.1 ml of propofol (Abbott Laboratories, Chicago, IL) for rapid anesthesia 24 hrs before the last infusion. If catheter patency failed animals were excluded from analysis.
Cano M., Reynaga D.D., Belluzzi J.D., Loughlin S.E, & Leslie F. (2020). Chronic Exposure to Cigarette Smoke Extract Upregulates Nicotinic Receptor Binding in Adult and Adolescent Rats. Neuropharmacology, 181, 108308.
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6

Dissolution of Pharmacological Agents

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Nicotine hydrogen tartrate (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) was dissolved in sterile saline and adjusted to pH 7.2–7.4; doses were calculated as free base. AT-1001 was dissolved in a vehicle containing 97% of 0.5% aqueous hydroxypropylcellulose, 2% DMSO, and 1% 0.1M HCl. Propofol (Abbott Laboratories, Chicago, IL), mecamylamine HCl (Tocris Bioscience, Bristol, UK), and yohimbine hydrochloride (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) were dissolved in sterile saline.
Yuan M., Malagon A.M., Yasuda D., Belluzzi J.D., Leslie F.M, & Zaveri N.T. (2017). The α3β4 nAChR partial agonist AT-1001 attenuates stress-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking in a rat model of relapse and induces minimal withdrawal in dependent rats. Behavioural brain research, 333, 251-257.
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7

Somatic Withdrawal Symptoms in Rats

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For spontaneous somatic withdrawal, rats underwent withdrawal scoring before surgery and drug treatment began, and 1, 4, 18, and 48 h after the last drug injection. Somatic symptoms were assessed for 30 min following 30 min habituation to the open field chamber (17″ × 17″ × 12″) (Med Associates, St. Albans, VT). An observer blind to drug groups scored the following symptoms: body shakes, tremors, eye blinks, genital licks, gasps, head shakes, ptosis, teeth chattering, yawns, and writhes [30 (link)]. Withdrawal was defined as a significant increase in total withdrawal symptoms as compared to the saline group at the same time point. Catheter patency was verified by rapid anesthesia following infusion of 0.1 mL of propofol (Abbott Laboratories, Chicago, IL) after scoring the 4 h withdrawal time point. Animals without patent catheters were excluded from analysis.
Reynaga D.D., Cano M., Belluzzi J.D, & Leslie F.M. (2023). Chronic exposure to cigarette smoke extract increases nicotine withdrawal symptoms in adult and adolescent male rats. Advances in Drug and Alcohol Research, 3, 11324.
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8

Investigating nAChR Role in CSE Withdrawal

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To investigate nAChR involvement in CSE withdrawal, a separate group of animals received an injection of saline or mecamylamine (1 mg/kg. s.c.), a non-selective nAChR antagonist, immediately following the last drug infusion, and were placed in the open field chamber and scored for somatic withdrawal symptoms for 60 min. Withdrawal was defined as a significant increase in total withdrawal symptoms as compared to the vehicle treated group. Catheter patency was verified for rapid anesthesia by infusing 0.1 mL of propofol (Abbott Laboratories, Chicago, IL) immediately following the test. Animals without patent catheters were excluded from analysis.
Reynaga D.D., Cano M., Belluzzi J.D, & Leslie F.M. (2023). Chronic exposure to cigarette smoke extract increases nicotine withdrawal symptoms in adult and adolescent male rats. Advances in Drug and Alcohol Research, 3, 11324.
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9

Testicular Weight Index Calculation

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On the 8th day of the trial, the rats were decapitated after being anaesthetised with propofol (Abbott Laboratuvarlari, Turkey) administered at a dose of 50 mg/kg by intraperitoneal route. The testicular tissue was extracted immediately after decapitation. The sum of the weights of the right and left testes of the same animal was divided by the body weight measured on the last day of the trial, and the result was multiplied by 100 to calculate the TMI for each animal (22 ).
Cebi Sen C., Yumusak N., Atilgan H.I., Sadic M., Koca G, & Korkmaz M. (2017). Effect of Amifostine on Sperm DNA Fragmentation and Testes after Radioiodine Treatment. Journal of Veterinary Research, 61(4), 509-515.
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10

Ovine Model of Articular Cartilage Defect

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Sheep were induced with propofol (5-6mg/kg) and maintained on 2-3% isoflurane (Abbot Laboratories Ltd.). Velergesic (Buprenorphine, Reckett Benckiser Healthcare Ltd.) was used for post-operative analgesia (14µg/kg) for 3-4 days. Streptacare (Procaine Penicillin, 20% Dihydrostreptomycin, Animalcare Ltd) was given as prophylactic antibiotics (1ml/25kg) for 5-7 days.
The sheep were placed in the supine position, for unilateral surgery the contra-lateral limb was secured away from the surgical field. The wool was sheared and the skin prepared with a Betadine / alcohol solution. The hoof was placed in a sterile bag and the limb draped.
The stifle joints were opened using a midline incision followed by a medial parapatellar arthrotomy. The infra-patellar fat pad (IFP) was excised with a scalpel and placed in DMEM / 10% FBS / 1% PS for transport to the laboratory. Thorough haemostasis was carried out using bipolar diathermy. The medial femoral condyle (MFC) was exposed by flexion of the stifle joint and a circular lesion made in the cartilage using a punch biopsy. The cartilage was then excised using a 4mm ring curette.
The arthrotomy was closed with a continuous 1 Vicryl suture and the subcutaneous fat with a running 2/0 Vicryl suture. The skin was closed with deep dermal and subcuticular 2/0 Vicryl sutures. The wound was cleaned with Betadine spray and left without a dressing.
Hindle P., Baily J., Khan N., Biant L.C., Simpson A.H, & Péault B. (2016). Perivascular Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Sheep: Characterization and Autologous Transplantation in a Model of Articular Cartilage Repair. Stem cells and development, 25(21).
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