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30 protocols using isoproterenol

1

Pharmacological Modulation of Neuronal Signaling

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Reagents were purchased from Sigma except for GABAzine (SR95531, Tocris#1262), CGP55845 (Tocris#1248), D-AP5 (Tocris#0106), DNQX (Tocris#2312), Noradrenaline (Abcam#ab120717), HEAT (Tocris#0535), Phenylephrine (Tocris#2838), Isoproterenol (Tocris#1747), Win (Tocris#1038), AM251 (Tocris#1117), Rimonabant (Tocris#0923), MPEP (Tocris#1212), CPCCOEt (Tocris#1028), CNO (Hello Bio#HB6149), Cy5-streptavidin (ThermoFisher#434316). For i.p. injection, Rimonabant (Tocris #0923) was first prepared 30 mg/mL stock in DMSO, then diluted in saline with 1% DMSO, 1% Cremophor, 1% Ethanol to make 0.3 mg/mL for injection, finally injected 0.01 mL/g to reach 3 mg/kg injection. Phenylephrine (Tocris #2838) was prepared at 10 mM stock solution in water, then diluted in saline for injection. CNO (HelloBio #HB6149) was prepared 0.1 mg/mL in saline and injected 0.01 mL/1 g to reach 1 mg/kg injection. For slice recordings, all stocks were diluted to final concentrations in ACSF to achieve a final solvent concentration of less than 0.1% v/v
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2

Carvedilol Formulation Development

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Carvedilol was purchased from TCI America (Portland, OR). Tween-80, Polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400), methanol, chloroform and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) tablets were purchased from VWR (Radnor, PA). L-α-phosphatidylcholine (Soy PC or SPC) was purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids, Inc. (Alabaster, AL). Isoproterenol was purchased from Tocris (Minneapolis, MN). Carbopol 934 was purchased from SERVA Electrophoresis GmbH (Heidelberg, Germany). Triethanolamine (TEA) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
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3

Characterization of Signaling Pathways

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Isoproterenol, formoterol, GO6983, GO6976, RO32–0432, GF109203X, H89, PSB603, ESI-09, TPPB, NECA (adenosine-5′-N-ethyluronamide), MRS5698 and MRS2365 ([[(1R,2R,3S,4R,5S)-4-[6-amino-2-(methylthio)-9H-purin-9-yl]-2,3-dihydroxybicyclo[3.1.0]hex-1-yl]methyl] diphosphoric acid monoester trisodium salt) were purchased from Tocris (Ellisville, MO). CGS21680">CGS21680, carbachol, cholera toxin (CTX) and PTX were from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). YM254890, enzastaurin, LY333531, VTX-27 and AB928 were purchased from MedChemExpress (Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA). BAY60-6583 (LUF6210, termed hereafter ‘BAY’) was synthesized at Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research and was provided by Ad IJzerman (Leiden, The Netherlands). All compounds were dissolved in DMSO except that CTX and PTX were in water, and proper controls were included in all experiments. AlphaScreen cAMP kit, SureFire p-ERK1/2 (Thr202/Tyr204) Assay Kit and AlphaScreen SureFire p-Akt 1/2/3 (p-Ser473) Assay Kit were purchased from PerkinElmer (Waltham, MA). Gs-null and Gq/11-null HEK293 cells were generated at Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. HEK293 human embryonic kidney, PC-3 human prostate cancer, NIH-3T3 mouse fibroblast, and H9C2 rat cardiomyoblast cells were from ATCC (Manassas, VA); all other reagents were from standard commercial sources and of analytical grade.
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4

Mitochondrial Dynamics in Adipocyte Metabolism

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The following reagents were used: oligomycin, FCCP, rotenone, antimycin A, ADP, GDP, isoproterenol, CL 316,243 (Tocris Bioscience), isobutylmethylxanthine, dexamethasone, insulin, rosiglitazone, T3, recombinant mouse IL10 (Calbiochem, Cat# 407700), RNeasy (Qiagen), Lipofectamine 3000 (Life Technologies). DNA vectors: pDsRed2-Mito Vector (Clonetech). Antibodies as follows: anti-UCP-1 (Abcam, ab10983), anti- Phospho-(Ser/Thr) PKA Substrate (Cell Signaling #9621), anti-OPA1 (Abcam, ab42364), anti-mitofusin-2 (Abcam, ab 50843), anti-alpha-tubulin (Abcam, ab4074), anti- mtTFA ((A-17): sc-23588), anti-IL10 (Santa Cruz, sc-8438) and anti-OXPHOS cocktail (Abcam, ab110413).
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5

Pharmacological Modulation of Noradrenergic Pathways

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The β-adrenoreceptor antagonist propranolol (2 µg) and β-adrenoreceptor agonist isoproterenol (20 µg) (Tocris Bioscience, UK), or vehicle (0.9% NaCl) were injected via the ipsilateral i.c.v. via the implanted cannula in a 5-µL volume over 5 min, 25 min before LC or PP stimulation. We used these concentrations as there is evidence that they do not alter basal synaptic transmission (Kemp and Manahan-Vaughan 2008a (link)). The half-life of isoprotenerol is only some minutes, whereas the half-life of propranolol is about 2–3 h (Smits and Struyker-Boudier 1979 ; Hadwiger et al. 1997 (link)).
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6

Pharmacological Agents in Tissue Assays

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Resversatrol, noradrenaline, tyramine, isoproterenol, IBMX, lidocaine and diltiazem were obtained from Tocris Bioscience (Madrid, Spain) and dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) from Probus, (Barcelona, Spain).
Resveratrol and IBMX were dissolved in DMSO and Tyrode solution (20% DMSO in Tyrode) and noradrenaline, tyramine, isoproterenol, lidocaine and diltiazem were dissolved in Tyrode solution. This stock solution was diluted in a pre-warmed and pre-aerated bathing solution to achieve the final concentration desired. The drug was added to the organ bath at an appropriate concentration so that the concentration of DMSO in the test solution was less than 0.3%, which did not affect any of the preparations.
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7

Pharmacological Modulation of Cellular Processes

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Drugs were applied via bath perfusion, with the final concentrations in the brackets: forskolin (50 μM), H89 (10 μM), isoproterenol (1 μM), CGS21680 (1 μM), and SKF81297 (1 μM) were from Tocris Bioscience; nigericin (5 μM) was from Sigma. The specified concentration of chemicals were either spiked into the circulating buffer, or premade buffers with the correct drug concentrations were switched from one to another via a custom-made solution exchanger.
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8

Isoproterenol-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy

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Animal experiments were performed according to local and national ethics guidelines. Experimental mice were maintained on an ad libitum diet with free access to water under a standard 12-h light/12-h dark cycle. Here, 12-week-old C57BL6/J male mice were subjected to a daily subcutaneous dose of isoproterenol 50 mg/kg/day (Tocris #1747) for a period of 4, 8, and 11 days; as a control, few mice were given saline doses for a similar period. For the experiments, each group had three or more mice. Mice were euthanized by cervical dislocation, and hearts were perfused with 30 mM KCl to induce diastolic arrest, followed by perfusion with PBS (phosphate-buffered saline). A cross section of each heart was collected in 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) for histology, and a small amount was snap-frozen for RNA isolation.
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9

Transfection and Receptor Activation Assays

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Polyethylenimine (PEI), Linear (MW 25,000) was purchased from Polysciences, Inc. Ropinirole was purchased from BetaPharma (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. DAMGO ((D-Ala2, N-Me-Phe4, Gly-ol5)-enkephalin) was purchased from Mimotopes. SKF83822, neurotensin residues 8-13 (NT8-13), (−)-quinpirole hydrochloride (#1061), acetylcholine chloride (#A2661), carbachol (C4382), D-glucose (#G8270) and pertussis toxin (PTX) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Isoproterenol (#1747) and endothelin-1 (#1160) were purchased from Tocris Bioscience (Bristol, UK). Coelenterazine-h was purchased from both NanoLight™ Technology and Dalton research molecules (#50303-86-9). Forskolin was purchased from Cayman Chemicals (#11018). Nano-Glo® luciferase assay system, containing the furimazine substrate, was purchased from Promega.
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10

Adrenoceptor Agonists and Antagonists

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We used prazosin hydrochloride (1 mg/kg) (Wako Pure Chemical Industries Ltd., Osaka, Japan) and propranolol hydrochloride (1 or 10 mg/kg) (TOKYO KASEI, Tokyo, Japan) as adrenoceptor antagonists. Phenylephrine (5 mg/kg) (Wako Pure Chemical Industries Ltd, Osaka, Japan) and isoproterenol (5 mg/kg) (Tocris Bioscience, Bristol, United Kingdom) were used as α receptor and β receptor agonists, respectively. Pilocarpine was mixed with 1X PBS and used as a control treatment.
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