N hexane

Goose liver was purchased from Goose Co. Ltd., Ningbo, China. KGM, SPI, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), Nile red, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) alkaline protease, ether petroleum ether, chloroform, glacial acetic acid, potassium iodide (KI), potassium bromide (KBr), soluble starch, sodium thiosulfate (Na₂S₂O₃), hydrochloric acid (HCl), trichloroacetic acid (C₂HCl₃O₂), thiobarbituric acid (C₄H₄N₂O₂S), pepsase, trypsin and n-hexane were reagent grade and purchased from MACKLIN Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China.

In this study, a double-sided polished sapphire wafer with a thickness of 600 μm was employed as the substrate for the sensing unit, which was provided by Shanghai Xuanyisheng Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The ink used for printing contained approximately 30–35 wt% solid content of AgNPs, with a viscosity of around 20 cp. Prior to printing, the ink was subjected to 60 min of ultrasonic treatment to ensure the uniform dispersion of suspended silver nanoparticles in the solution.
The encapsulation layer primarily consisted of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). A two-part PDMS solution, obtained from Dow Consumer (Midland, MI, USA) (product number SYLGARD 184), was utilized, comprising a basic component and a silicon-oil-based curing agent, mixed in a mass ratio of 10:1. N-hexane, obtained from Macklin (Shanghai, China), served as a PDMS diluent. A mixture of N-hexane and PDMS in a 3:1 ratio was used as the EHD printing ink.

Natural β-carotene (96% w/w) and chemicals of analytical grade, including calcium chloride (96% w/w), sodium carbonate (99.5% w/w), sodium hydroxide (99% w/w), and n-hexane (97% w/w), were obtained from Macklin Inc. (Shanghai, China). The ethanol (99.7% w/w) and hydrochloric acid (37% w/w) were supplied by Beijing Chemical Plant (Beijing, China). A laboratory water purification system (HYP-QX-UP, Huiyipu Ltd., Beijing, China) was employed to produce the deionized (DI) water used for the solutions required for the experiment.

A flat-sheet nonwoven-reinforced polysulfone (PSF) support membrane with average molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of 80 000 g mol⁻¹ was supplied by Hangzhou Water Treatment Technology Development Center (Hangzhou, China). Piperazine (PIP, 99%), n-hexane (≥97%), trimesoyl chloride (TMC), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, analytically pure), triethanolamine (TEOA, 98%), bovine serum albumin (BSA, analytically pure), sodium alginate (SA, analytically pure), humic acid (HA, analytically pure), 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane (PFTS, 95%) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) with different molecular weights (M_w = 200, 300, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 Da) were purchased from Macklin (Shanghai, China). Alcohol, sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), and sodium chloride (NaCl) were purchased from Shanghai Lingfeng Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd, China. All reagents were used as received without further purification. Pure water used throughout in this work was derived from a Milli-Q system (Millipore, US).

Polyethylene glycol, stannous octoate, and collagenase were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Dichloromethane and n-hexane were purchased from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Deuterated chloroform was obtained from Bailingwei (Beijing, China). D, L-lactide was purchased from Jinan Daigang Biological Engineering Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). GSK2606414 was purchased from GLPBIO (Montclair, CA, USA). FITC was acquired from Aladdin (Beijing, China). Lipopolysaccharides derived from E. coli 055:B5 were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. α-modified Eagle’s medium (α-MEM), fetal bovine serum, and penicillin/streptomycin were provided by Gibco (San Diego, CA, USA). PDLSCs were obtained from the Institute of Dentistry, First Medical Center, General Hospital of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army.

BDE-209 (98% purity) used in this work was acquired from Aladdin industrial companies. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-grade Dimethyl sulfoxide, dichloromethane, n-hexane, tetrahydrofuran acetonitrile and piperyl butoxide (PB, 95% purity) were obtained from Macklin industrial companies. Other analytical grade reagents were provided by Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Company (Shanghai, China).