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12 protocols using alexa flour 488 conjugated phalloidin

1

Colocalization Analysis of Cortactin and F-Actin

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Coverslips were prepared as above mentioned with 0.2% porcine gelatin/PBS (Sigma-Aldrich) and cells were seeded 24 h after transfection. After another 24 h, the cells were fixed and stained for Cortactin (EMD Millipore; 1:1000) and Alexa Flour 488-conjugated phalloidin (Life Technologies; 1:50). For the analysis, 8 fields of view per coverslip from three biological replicates were imaged using a confocal microscope and analyzed for colocalization using the ImageJ software.
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2

Quantifying F-actin in HCT116 cells

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F-actin contents of HCT116 parental, WT and MUT cells were measured by Flow-Cytometry (BD LSRFortessa Cell Analyzer, BD Biosciences San Jose, CA, USA). In brief, cells were cultured in a dish to 90% confluence, trypsinized and subsenquently divided into 2-ml microtubes (2×106 cells per tube), washed with PBS, fixed with 2% PFA for 1 h at room temperature, permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 for 15 min and stained with Alexa Flour 488-conjugated phalloidin (A12379, Life Technologies) for 20 min at room temperature. After thorough washing with PBS containing 0.5% BSA, the cells were analyzed by flow cytometry and data analysis was carried out using Flow Jo (Tree Star Inc., Ashland, OR, USA).
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3

Immunofluorescent Staining of Actin and Cortactin

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15,000 cells were seeded into four chamber polystyrene CultureSlides (BD Falcon) and allowed to adhere and spread for 12 hours. Cells were then fixed using 2% paraformaldehyde/PBS for 30 minutes at room temperature. Cells were washed three times with PBS and then permeabilized using 0.2% triton x-100/PBS for 10 minutes at room temperature. Blocking was performed using 5% FBS/PBS at room temperature for 30 minutes. Cells were stained for actin using Alexa Flour 488-conjugated phalloidin (Molecular Probes) and cortactin using 566-conjugated anti-cortactin clone 4F11 (EMD Millipore). Cells were again washed three times with 1x PBS and were mounted using and ProLong Gold Antifade Reagent with DAPI (Cell Signaling). Stained cells were imaged using a Zeiss LSM 710 confocal microscope with a 63x oil objective. Images were analyzed using Zeiss software.
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4

Synthesis and Characterization of HPW-RX40

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HPW-RX40 (2-Methoxy-4-[(E)-2-nitrovinyl]phenyl 2,3-dichlorobenzoate) was synthesized according the methods described previously [17] (link). Bovine α-thrombin was purchased from Biovision, (Mountain View, CA, USA). Collagen (Type I, equine tendon) was from Helena Laboratories (Beaumont, TX, USA). Fibrinogen, U46619 (9,11-dideoxy-9,11-methanoepoxy PGF2α), 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), A23187, eosin isothiocyanate, oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and phenyl arsenoxide (PAO) were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Alexa Flour 488-conjugated phalloidin, was obtained from Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR, USA). Thapsigargin and rutin were purchased from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Human recombinant PDI, ERp72, and Fura-2/AM were purchased from Enzo Life Sciences (Farmingdale, NY, USA); Human recombinant ERp57 and anti-P47 Ab were from Abcam (Cambridge, UK), and ERp5 was from ProSpec Protein Specialists (Rehovot, Israel). Anti-PDI Ab was from Pierce/Thermo (Rockford, IL, USA); anti-GRP78 Ab was from Genetex (Irvine, CA, USA); phospho-PKC substrate antibody and anti-CHOP Ab were from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA); anti-actin was from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). All other chemicals were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co.
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5

Berberine Chloride Protection Against Cisplatin Ototoxicity

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To determine the protective effects of berberine chloride against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in the organ of Corti, we investigated morphological defects of IHCs and OHCs by staining stereocilia with phalloidin. At the end of the 30 h incubation period, all cochlear explants were washed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS), and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS. Permeabilization and staining was conducted simultaneously by Alexa Flour488 conjugated phalloidin (Invitrogen-Molecular Probes, USA) in 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS for 1 h at room temperature (RT).
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6

Cryosectioning and Staining of Mouse Duodenum

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Duodenum from the small intestine of 2 month old C57/BL6 mice was harvested and immediately fixed and sub-dissected in 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS for 30 min. Tissue was then washed in PBS and cryoprotected overnight in 30% sucrose at 4 °C before embedding in OCT and freezing over an acetone-dry ice bath. Frozen blocks were stored at −80 °C until the time of sectioning. OCT blocks were sectioned using a Leica CM 1950 cryostat, at a thickness of 10 μm and melted on Superfrost Plus microscope slides (Fisher Scientific). All slides were kept at −80 °C until the time of staining. Slides were thawed and OCT washed out in room temperature PBS three times for 5 min each before staining with AlexaFlour488-conjugated Phalloidin (1:200, Molecular Probes) and DRAQ5 (1:200, ThermoScientific) for 2 hours. Subsequent to washing in PBS, samples were mounted with ProLong Gold antifade reagent (Molecular Probes) and #1.5 coverslip (Electron Microscopy Sciences).
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7

Immunodetection of Cell Junctions

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Anti-ZO-1 and anti-occludin antibodies were purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA). Anti-E-cadherin and anti-β-catenin antibodies were purchased from BD Biosciences (Billerica, MA). Anti-cofilin and anti-phospho-cofilin antibodies were purchased from cell signaling (Danvers, MA). Horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-mouse IgG and anti-rabbit IgG, Anti-EGFR and anti-actin antibodies were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. AlexaFlour-488-conjugated phalloidin, AlexaFlour-488-conjugated anti-mouse IgG and Cy3-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG were purchased from Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR).
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8

Immunoblotting Assay for Rac1 Activation

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The following primary Abs were used: mouse anti-Rac1 (Millipore), mouse anti-active Rac (NewEast Biosciences), rabbit anti–pY507-Lyn (Epitomics), rabbit anti–pY416-Src (Cell Signaling Technology; cross reacts with pY396-Lyn), rabbit anti–pY527-Src (Cell Signaling Technology; cross reacts with pY528-Fyn), anti-Fyn (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), rabbit anti-Vav1 (C-14; Santa Cruz Biotechnology), rabbit anti-ERK (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), mouse anti–β-actin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), anti-tubulin (Sigma-Aldrich), mouse anti-pY99 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), rabbit anti-SHP2 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), and rabbit anti-Lyn (Santa Cruz Biotechnology). Secondary Abs were Alexa Fluor 488–conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (Invitrogen) and Alexa Fluor 568–conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (Invitrogen). Other reagents included the following: recombinant murine SCF (PeproTech), CellTracker Green and CellTracker Orange (Invitrogen), bovine fibronectin (Roche Diagnostics), and tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC)– and Alexa Flour 488–conjugated phalloidin (Invitrogen).
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9

Visualizing Apoptotic Cell Phagocytosis

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Murine apoptotic thymocytes were induced by exposure to UV irradiation at 312 nm for 10 min. Transfected J774.1 cells treated with IFNγ and LPS and apoptotic cells stained with propidium iodide (Cell Signaling Technology) were co‐cultured (1:10) for 60 min and then extensively washed with phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS), fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, permeabilized with 0.5% Triton X‐100, and blocked with 3% bovine serum albumin in PBS. Actin was stained with Alexa Flour 488‐conjugated phalloidin (Invitrogen Life Technologies). The coverslips were mounted using PermaFluor Mounting medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Miami, FL, USA). For confocal immunofluorescence analysis, cells were visualized with a Zeiss LSM 700 confocal microscope using Zen software.
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10

Immunofluorescence Imaging of Endothelial Junctions

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HBMECs grown on collagen-coated coverslips in 24-well culture plates were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde followed by blocking with donkey serum in 0.3 M glycine in PBS for 1 h at room temperature. The cells were then incubated with the following primary antibodies overnight at 4 °C: rabbit anti-VE-cadherin (1:200; Abcam), rabbit anti-occludin (1:200; Invitrogen) and rabbit anti-HA (1:500; Abcam). After rinses in PBS, cells were incubated with donkey secondary antibodies conjugated with DyLight 488 or Cy3 (1:1,000, Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, Inc.). F-actin staining was done using Alexa Flour 488-conjugated phalloidin (1:2,000; Invitrogen). Cells were then counterstained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole for nuclear labelling. After PBS rinses, coverslips were mounted on glass slides with antifade Vectashield solution (Vector Laboratories). Fluorescence images were captured with a confocal microscope. Immunofluorescence intensity of extracellular occludin and VE-cadherin was quantified by ImageJ.
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