Ecat exact hr tomograph

Manufactured by Siemens

Sourced in Germany, United States

The ECAT Exact HR+ tomograph is a high-resolution positron emission tomography (PET) scanner designed for medical imaging applications. It is capable of producing detailed three-dimensional images of the body's internal structures and functions.

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Lab products found in correlation

Achieva system, by Philips (10 mentions) Intera system, by Philips (1 mentions) 3t tim trio scanner, by Siemens (1 mentions) Ge discovery 690 pet ct, by Siemens (1 mentions) Ecat exact hr pet scanner, by Siemens (1 mentions)

14 protocols using ecat exact hr tomograph

VMAT2 and Amyloid PET Imaging Protocol

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All subjects underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging on a 3T Philips Achieva system (Philips, Best, The Netherlands) utilizing an 8-channel headcoil. Dihydrotetrabenazine [¹¹]C-DTBZ vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT2) and [¹¹]C-Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB) PET imaging were performed in 3D imaging mode using an ECAT Exact HR+ tomograph (Siemens Molecular Imaging, Inc., Knoxville, TN). DTBZ imaging was performed in the dopaminergic “off” state. Additional details of our imaging protocols are reported elsewhere [11 (link)]. Regions of interest were defined on SPGR T1 MRI sequences and coregistered to PET. The Logan plot graphical analysis method was used for calculating distribution volume ratios (DVRs) using a cerebellar reference region for a bihemispheric cortical PiB assessments and a supratentorial global cortex reference region for striatal DTBZ DVR.

Kotagal V., Bohnen N.I., Müller M.L., Frey K.A, & Albin R.L. (2017). Cerebral amyloid burden and Hoehn and Yahr stage 3 scoring in Parkinson disease. Journal of Parkinson's disease, 7(1), 143-147.

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Multimodal Imaging Characterization of Parkinson's Disease

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All subjects underwent brain MRI and [¹¹C] methyl-4-piperidinyl propionate (PMP) (acetylcholinesterase) and [¹¹C]dihydrotetrabenazine (DTBZ) vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT2) PET except for one subject where the DTBZ PET scan failed because of technical reasons. All DTBZ PET scans showed evidence of nigrostriatal degeneration. A subset of PD subjects (n=61) were clinically identified as being at increased risk for development of dementia based on older age, subjective cognitive complaints and more severe motor disease underwent also [¹¹C]Pittsburgh compound B (PIB) β-amyloid PET imaging.
[¹¹C]dihydrotetrabenazine PET imaging was performed the morning after withholding dopaminergic medications overnight. MRI was performed on a 3 Tesla Philips Achieva system (Philips, Best, The Netherlands) and PET imaging was performed in 3D imaging mode with an ECAT Exact HR+ tomograph (Siemens Molecular Imaging, Inc., Knoxville, TN) as previously reported ^{4 (link)}.
[¹¹C]DTBZ, [¹¹C]PMP, and [¹¹C]PIB were prepared as described previously ^{15 (link), 16 (link)}. Dynamic PET scanning was performed for 70 minutes using a bolus dose of 15 mCi [¹¹C]PMP dose. Bolus/infusion protocols were used for [¹¹C]DTBZ (15 mCi) in 60 minutes and for [¹¹C]PIB (18 mCi) in 70 minutes ^{17 (link)}.

Bohnen N.I., Frey K.A., Studenski S., Kotagal V., Koeppe R.A., Constantine G.M., Scott P.J., Albin R.L, & Müller M.L. (2014). Extra-nigral pathologies are common in Parkinson disease with freezing of gait: an in vivo PET study. Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society, 29(9), 1118-1124.

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VMAT2 PET Imaging Protocol for Neurodegenerative Diseases

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All subjects underwent brain MRI and [¹¹C]DTBZ vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT2) PET except for a single subject where the PET scan failed because of technical reasons. [¹¹C]DTBZ was prepared as described previously [13 (link)]. A bolus/infusion protocol was used for [¹¹C]DTBZ (15 mCi) in 60 minutes [14 (link)]. [¹¹C]DTBZ PET imaging was performed the morning after withholding dopaminergic medications overnight. The procedure was explained to the patients and the PET technologist ensured that they were laying properly and comfortably on the camera table to minimize movement. MRI was performed on a 3 Tesla Philips Achieva system (Philips, Best, The Netherlands) and PET imaging was performed in 3D imaging mode with an ECAT Exact HR+ tomograph (Siemens Molecular Imaging, Inc., Knoxville, TN) as reported previously [15 (link)].

Snider J., Müller M.L., Kotagal V., Koeppe R.A., Scott P.J., Frey K.A., Albin R.L, & Bohnen N.I. (2015). Non-exercise physical activity attenuates motor symptoms in Parkinson disease independent from nigrostriatal degeneration. Parkinsonism & related disorders, 21(10), 1227-1231.

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VMAT2 PET Imaging in Neurological Disorders

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Subjects underwent brain MRI and [¹¹C]DTBZ vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT2) PET imaging. [¹¹C]DTBZ PET imaging was performed in the morning after withholding dopaminergic medications overnight. MRI was performed on a 3 Tesla Philips Achieva system (Philips, Best, The Netherlands) and PET imaging was performed in 3D imaging mode with an ECAT Exact HR+ tomograph (Siemens Molecular Imaging, Inc., Knoxville, TN) ^{20 (link)}. The imaging studies were generally completed within 1–2 days of the clinical and neuropsychological testing sessions.
[¹¹C]DTBZ was prepared as described previously ^{21 (link)}. Dynamic PET scanning was performed using an intra-venous bolus/infusion protocol for [¹¹C]DTBZ (15 mCi) in 60 minutes ^{22 (link)}.

Bohnen N.I., Haugen J., Ridder A., Kotagal V., Albin R.L., Frey K.A, & Müller M.L. (2017). Color discrimination errors associate with axial motor impairments in Parkinson's Disease. Movement Disorders Clinical Practice, 4(6), 864-869.

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Harmonized VAChT PET Imaging Protocol

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All subjects underwent brain MRI and VAChT [¹⁸F]FEOBV PET imaging. MRI was performed on a 3 Tesla Philips Achieva system (Philips, Best, The Netherlands) at the University of Michigan and a 3 Tesla Philips Intera system (Philips, The Netherlands) at the University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG). PET imaging was performed in 3D imaging mode with an ECAT Exact HR + tomograph (Siemens Molecular Imaging, Inc., Knoxville, TN) as previously reported [12 (link)] or Biograph 6 TruPoint PET/CT scanner (Siemens Molecular Imaging, Inc., Knoxville, TN) as previously described [13 (link)] at the University of Michigan and Biograph 40-mCT or 64-mCT TruPoint PET/CT scanner (Siemens Molecular Imaging, Inc., Knoxville, TN) at the UMCG as previously described [11 (link)]. [¹⁸F] FEOBV were prepared as described previously [14 (link)]. Inter-camera data harmonization was performed as described [15 (link)]. We constructed TruePoint images with 3 mm filters to match the resolution and to account for differences between the scanners. To reduce the scanner variability, the acquisition parameters used at the University of Michigan were followed at the UMCG. We reconstructed all [¹⁸F] FEOBV PET images obtained at the UMCG using software, methodology and reconstruction parameters identical to those used at the University of Michigan.

Kanel P., van der Zee S., Sanchez-Catasus C.A., Koeppe R.A., Scott P.J., van Laar T., Albin R.L, & Bohnen N.I. (2022). Cerebral topography of vesicular cholinergic transporter changes in neurologically intact adults: A [18F]FEOBV PET study. Aging Brain, 2, 100039.

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Quantitative PET Imaging of SERT Availability

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All study participants received a PET scan as previously described^{14 (link)}. Briefly, each study participant underwent a 90-min dynamic scan (23 frames: 4 × 15 s, 4 × 1 min, 5 × 2 min, 5 × 5 min, 5 × 10 min) using the ECAT EXACT HR + tomograph (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany, intrinsic resolution at the center: 4.3 mm, axial resolution: 5–6 mm field of view 15.5 cm, 3–4 mm full width at half maximum) in a 3-dimensional acquisition mode. [¹¹C]DASB was synthesized according to the procedures reported by Wilson et al.^{15 (link)}. With the start of each scan, 484.1 ± 9.9 MBq [¹¹C]DASB were injected intravenously as a continuous bolus over 90 s. A 10-min transmission scan (from three ⁶⁸ Ga/⁶⁸Ge sources) prior to PET acquisition was used for attenuation correction and iterative reconstruction (10 iterations, 16 subsets) in transverse image series (63 slices, 128 × 128 matrix, voxel size 2.6 × 2.6 × 2.4 mm³) with a Hann-filter (cut-off 4.9 mm) for post-processing was applied. MRI for the exclusion of structural brain abnormalities and for imaging data co-registration was performed on all study participants. T1-weighted MP-RAGE sequences were acquired on either a Siemens Verio or TimTrio 3 T scanner (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany).

Grundmann R., Rullmann M., Luthardt J., Zientek F., Becker G.A., Patt M., Hankir M.K., Blüher M., Sabri O, & Hesse S. (2020). Higher HbA1c levels associate with lower hippocampal serotonin transporter availability in non-diabetic adults with obesity. Scientific Reports, 10, 21383.

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PET Imaging of Dopamine Transporter Integrity

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To evaluate the in vivo DA function, images from PET scans using [¹¹C]-PE2I (N-(3-iodoprop-2 E-enyl)-2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(4-methylphenyl) nortropane) were obtained at different periods throughout the entire protocol. PE2I specifically binds with high affinity and selectivity to DAT (Ki = 17 nM) and is considered to provide an index of the integrity of the DA pathway that has been used for PD diagnosis [29] (link)–[31] (link). PET studies were performed with an ECAT Exact HR+ tomograph (Siemens CTI), in 3D acquisition mode, covering an axial distance of 15.2 cm. The transaxial resolution of the reconstructed images was about 4.1 mm full-width and half maximum in the center. Transmission scans were acquired with three rotating 68Ge sources and were used to correct the emission scans for the attenuation of 511 Kev photonrays through tissue and head support. The specific procedures of the experimental methods employed at the CERMEP imaging facility (Lyon) ([¹¹C]-PE2I labeling, subjects PET examinations, PET Evaluation and modelling) have been described in detail elsewhere [32] (link).

Fifel K., Vezoli J., Dzahini K., Claustrat B., Leviel V., Kennedy H., Procyk E., Dkhissi-Benyahya O., Gronfier C, & Cooper H.M. (2014). Alteration of Daily and Circadian Rhythms following Dopamine Depletion in MPTP Treated Non-Human Primates. PLoS ONE, 9(1), e86240.

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FDG-PET Imaging Protocol for Metabolism Measurement

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FDG-PET images were acquired on a GE Discovery 690 PET/CT scanner or a Siemens ECAT EXACT HR+ PET scanner. All patients had fasted for at least 6 h, and had a maximum plasma glucose level of 150 mg/dl at time of scanning. A single intravenous dose of 140 ± 7 MBq FDG was administered while the patients rested in a room with dimmed light and low noise level, where they remained undisturbed for 20 min. After positioning in the scanner, a series of three static emission frames of 5 min each was acquired from 30 to 45 min p.i. on the GE Discovery 690 PET/CT, or from 30 to 60 min p.i. on the Siemens ECAT EXACT HR+ tomograph. A low-dose CT scan or a transmission scan with external ⁶⁸Ge-source performed just prior to the static acquisition was used for attenuation correction. PET data were reconstructed iteratively (GE Discovery 690 PET/CT) or with filtered-back-projection (Siemens ECAT EXACT HR+ PET). After correction for movement between frames, the static scans were averaged.

Beyer L., Meyer-Wilmes J., Schönecker S., Schnabel J., Brendel E., Prix C., Nübling G., Unterrainer M., Albert N.L., Pogarell O., Perneczky R., Catak C., Bürger K., Bartenstein P., Bötzel K., Levin J., Rominger A, & Brendel M. (2018). Clinical Routine FDG-PET Imaging of Suspected Progressive Supranuclear Palsy and Corticobasal Degeneration: A Gatekeeper for Subsequent Tau-PET Imaging?. Frontiers in Neurology, 9, 483.

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Brain Imaging of Neurotransmitter Systems

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All subjects underwent brain MRI and [¹¹C]PMP AChE and [¹¹C]DTBZ vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT2) PET. [¹¹C]DTBZ PET imaging was performed the morning after withholding dopaminergic medications overnight. After completing the [¹¹C]DTBZ PET scan, subjects on dopaminergic medications took their medications and subjects proceeded with the [¹¹C]PMP PET. MRI was performed on a 3 Tesla Philips Achieva system (Philips, Best, The Netherlands) and PET imaging was performed in 3D imaging mode with an ECAT Exact HR+ tomograph (Siemens Molecular Imaging, Inc., Knoxville, TN) as previously reported (18 (link)). The imaging studies were generally completed within 1–2 days of the clinical and neuropsychological testing sessions.
[¹¹C]DTBZ and [¹¹C]PMP were prepared as described previously (19 (link)). Dynamic PET scanning was performed for 70 minutes using a bolus dose of 15 mCi [¹¹C]PMP dose. A bolus/infusion protocol was used for [¹¹C]DTBZ (15 mCi) in 60 minutes (20 (link)).

Bohnen N.I., Kotagal V., Müller M.L., Koeppe R.A., Scott P.J., Albin R.L., Frey K.A, & Petrou M. (2014). Diabetes mellitus is independently associated with more severe cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease. Parkinsonism & related disorders, 20(12), 1394-1398.

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Multimodal Neuroimaging of Nigrostriatal Degeneration

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All subjects underwent brain MRI and [¹¹C] methyl-4-piperidinyl propionate (PMP) acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and [¹¹C]dihydrotetrabenazine (DTBZ) vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT2) PET except for one subject where the DTBZ PET scan failed for technical reasons. All DTBZ PET scans showed evidence of nigrostriatal degeneration. MRI was performed on a 3 Tesla Philips Achieva system (Philips, Best, The Netherlands) and PET imaging was performed in 3D imaging mode with an ECAT Exact HR+ tomograph (Siemens Molecular Imaging, Inc., Knoxville, TN) as previously reported ^{5 (link)}.
[¹¹C]DTBZ and [¹¹C]PMP were prepared as described previously ^{17 (link)}. Dynamic PET scanning was performed for 70 minutes using a bolus dose of 15 mCi [¹¹C]PMP dose. A 60 minute bolus/infusion protocol was used for [¹¹C]DTBZ (15 mCi) ^{18 (link)}.

Bohnen N.I., Albin R.L., Müller M.L., Petrou M., Kotagal V., Koeppe R.A., Scott P.J, & Frey K.A. (2015). Frequency of cholinergic and caudate nucleus dopaminergic deficits across pre-demented cognitive spectrum of Parkinson disease and evidence of interaction effects. JAMA neurology, 72(2), 194-200.

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