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6 protocols using tetrakis hydroxymethyl phosphonium chloride

1

Synthesis and Characterization of Antimicrobial Nanoparticles

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Streptococcus pyogenes strain AP53 Covs+; LB broth (Miller; Sigma-Aldrich); agar (Sigma-Aldrich); 200 proof ethanol (VWR); 20% v/v ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH; BDH); tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS; Sigma Aldrich, 99% GC grade); 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES; Sigma Aldrich, 99%); sodium hydroxide (NaOH; Sigma Aldrich, >97%); sodium citrate dihydrate (C6H5Na3O7·2H2O; Sigma Aldrich, >99%); tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride (80% purity) (THPC; Sigma Aldrich, 80% in water); gold chloride (anhydrous; Sigma Aldrich); silver nitrate (AgNO3; Sigma Aldrich, 99% ACS grade); hydroquinone (Sigma Aldrich, >99% reagent grade); deionized water (DI water); 4% buffered paraformaldehyde (VWR), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) without calcium and magnesium (1X; Cytiva); rhodamine B isothiocyanate (Sigma-Aldrich); AFdye488-Maleimide (Fluoroprobes), Cys-Syn71 peptide (CAGTEKIFQRLKKTIQEGKKIAKRWW, GenScript).
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2

Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles

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All chemicals were purchased from commercial suppliers and used without further purification. Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB, >98.0%), Tetrakishydroxymethylphosphonium chloride (THPC, 80% in H2O) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (99.995%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai, China). Gold chloride trihydrate (HAuCl4·3H2O, ≥99.9%), ammonium hydroxide solution (28% in H2O), tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), (3-Aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES, 98%), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, ≥98%), cyclohexane (≥99.9%) and potassium carbonate (K2CO3, 99%) were purchased from Aladdin (Shanghai, China)
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3

Synthesis of Rare-Earth Nanoparticles

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Materials Yttrium(III) acetate tetrahydrate (99.9%), ytterbium(III) acetate hydrate (99.9%), and erbium(III) acetate hydrate (99.9%) were purchased from Alfa Aesar. Oleic acid (OA, 90%), 1-octadecene (ODE, 90%), ammonium fluoride (NH 4 F, ≥98%), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, ≥98%), methanol (99.8%), ethanol (≥99.8%), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.8%), cyclohexane (99.5%), formic acid (≥98%), tetrachloroauric(III) acid trihydrate (HAuCl 4 •3H 2 O, ≥99.9%), tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride (THPC, 80% in H 2 O), NaCN (≥95%), and polyethylenimine (PEI, branched, M w ∼25 000) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Milli-Q water (18.2 MΩ cm at 25 °C) was used in all experiments.
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4

Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles

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(3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (ES, 99%), tetrachloroauric acid (HAuCl4·3H2O), tetrakis hydroxymethyl phosphonium chloride, poly-L-lysine hydrobromide (MW 150,000−300,000) poly-L-Lysine (PLL) ANTH, PYR, B[a]P, and B[a]A were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Formaldehyde (37%), sulfuric acid (H2SO4, 100%), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 30%), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4), and 200-proof ethanol were obtained from Fisher Scientific. All chemicals were used as received without further purification. Quartz slides were purchased from Fisher Scientific.
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5

Synthesis of Gold-Coated Polystyrene Nanoparticles

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Carboxylate modified polystyrene (PS-COOH) spheres (100 nm 2.7% in water) were purchased from PolySciences. Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride(THPC, 80% in water) sodium hydroxide(NaOH,10M), and chloroauric acid trihydrate (HAuCl4·3H2O 99.9%) were purchased from Aldrich. Potassium carbonate (K2CO3), formaldehyde (37%) and ammonium hydroxide (NH3OH, 29.79%) were purchased from Fisher Scientific. Anhydrous Ethyl alcohol (EtOH) was purchased from JT Baker. (3-Aminoethylamino)propyl-trimethoxysilane (AEAPTMS), anhydrous isopropanol, tetrahydrofuran (THF), O-(2-Mercaptoethyl)-O′-methylpolyethylene glycol (10 kDa, mPEG-SH) was purchased from Sigma. Deionized (DI) water used in samples was produced using a Millipore Advantage A10 system with a resistance of 18.2 MΩ. Phosphate buffered saline (PBS, 1x) was purchased from Corning.
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6

Synthesis and Characterization of Polymer-Coated Nanoparticles

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The chemicals used in this study were purchased from the following companies: ethanol, formaldehyde, sodium hydroxide, ammonium persulfate (APS, 98%), ammonium hydroxide (30% NH3), nitric acid, and hydrochloric acid were all from EM Science, Hatfield, PA, USA, while potassium carbonate was from Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA. 3-(Trimethylsilyl)propylmethacrylate (MPS, 98.0%), N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM, 99%), acrylic acid (AA, 99.5%), and the cross-linker N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (BIS, 96.0%) were obtained from Acros; tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride (THPC), polyvinylpyrolidone (PVP, Mw ~55,000), and 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS) were purchased from Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA; and, hydrogen tetrachloroaurate(III) hydrate came from Strem, Newburyport, MA, USA. Water was purified to a resistance of 18 MΩ (Academic Milli-Q Water System, Millipore Corporation, Burlington, MA, USA) and filtered using a 0.22 μm filter to remove any impurities. All glassware and equipment used in the experiment were first cleaned in an aqua regia solution (3:1, HCl:HNO3), then cleaned in a base bath (saturated KOH in isopropyl alcohol) and lastly, rinsed with Milli-Q water prior to use.
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