Coumarin (purity ≥ 99.0%) and cinnamic acid (purity ≥ 98.0%) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, United States). Albiflorin (purity ≥ 99.0%), paeoniflorin (purity ≥ 99.0%), cinnamaldehyde (purity ≥ 98.0%), glycyrrhizin (purity ≥ 99.0%), and schizandrin (purity ≥ 99.0%) were purchased from Wako (Osaka, Japan). Liquiritin (purity ≥ 98.0%) was purchased from NPC BioTechnology Inc. (Daejeon, Korea). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-grade methanol, acetonitrile, and water were purchased from J.T. Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, United States). Glacial acetic acid (reagent grade) was purchased from Junsei (Tokyo, Japan).
Glacial acetic acid
Manufactured by Junsei
Sourced in Japan
Glacial acetic acid is a high-purity chemical compound with the molecular formula CH3COOH. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a pungent odor. Glacial acetic acid is a widely used laboratory reagent known for its high concentration of acetic acid, typically 99.7% or higher.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Glycyrrhizin, by Fujifilm (4 mentions)
Paeoniflorin, by Fujifilm (4 mentions)
Albiflorin, by Fujifilm (4 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Avantor (4 mentions)
Cinnamaldehyde, by Fujifilm (3 mentions)
Hplc grade methanol, by Avantor (3 mentions)
Schizandrin, by Fujifilm (2 mentions)
Cinnamic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Coumarin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Caffeic acid, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Chlorogenic acid, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Liquiritin, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Daidzin, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Cinnamic acid, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Puerarin, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Methanol, by Avantor (1 mentions)
6 gingerol, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Ginsenoside rb1, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Tissue culture reagents, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
9 protocols using glacial acetic acid
1
Phytochemical Profiling in Traditional Medicine
2
Quantitative Analysis of Bioactive Compounds
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Cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid, glycyrrhizin, liquiritin, paeoniflorin, and puerarin (all purity ≥ 98.0%) were purchased from Wako Fine Chemicals (Osaka, Japan). The HPLC-grade reagents methanol, acetonitrile, and water were obtained from J. T. Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ). Glacial acetic acid was obtained from Junsei Chemical Co. (Tokyo, Japan).
3
Analytical Method for Bioactive Compounds
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Albiflorin, paeoniflorin, cinnamaldehyde, glycyrrhizin, and schizandrin were purchased from Wako (Osaka, Japan). Coumarin and cinnamic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). Liquiritin was purchased from NPC BioTechnology Inc. (Yeongi, Republic of Korea). The purity of these compounds was ≥98.0% by high performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array analysis (HPLC-PDA). HPLC-grade methanol, acetonitrile, and water were obtained from J.T. Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA), and glacial acetic acid was obtained from Junsei (Tokyo, Japan).
4
Quantification of Eight Bioactive Compounds
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Eight reference standards (albiflorin, cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid, daidzin, glycyrrhizin, liquiritin, paeoniflorin, and puerarin) were purchased from Wako (Osaka, Japan) and the purities of these reference standards were greater than 98.0%, as evaluated via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC-grade reagents, methanol, acetonitrile, and water were obtained from J.T. Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). Analytical-grade glacial acetic acid was procured from Junsei (Tokyo, Japan).
5
Quantification of Bioactive Compounds in Herbal Medicines
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Ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rb1, glycyrrhizin, and 6-gingerol were purchased from Wako (Osaka, Japan). Liquiritin was obtained from NPC BioTechnology Inc. (Daejeon, Korea). The purities of all reference compounds were ≥98.0% according to HPLC analysis. HPLC-grade methanol, acetonitrile, and water were obtained from J.T. Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). Glacial acetic acid was of analytical reagent grade and procured from Junsei (Tokyo, Japan). The crude herbal medicines from Ginseng Radix Alba, Zingiberis Rhizoma, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, and Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba were purchased from Omniherb (Yeongcheon, Korea) and HMAX (Jecheon, Korea). The origin of each herbal medicine was taxonomically confirmed by Prof. Je Hyun Lee, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Korea. Voucher specimens (2008-KE19-1 through KE19-4) have been deposited at the Basic Herbal Medicine Research Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine.
6
Phytochemical Analysis and Anti-inflammatory Effects
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Ferulic acid and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (5-HMF) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Albiflorin and paeoniflorin were the products of Wako (Osaka, Japan). Nodakenin was purchased from NPC BioTechnology Inc. (Daejeon, Korea). The purity of all reference standards was ≥98.0%. HPLC-grade methanol, acetonitrile, and water were obtained from J.T.Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). Glacial acetic acid, analytical reagent grade, was purchased from Junsei (Tokyo, Japan). RPMI 1640, fetal bovine serum, TNF-α, tissue culture reagents, 2′,7′-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein acetoxy-methylester (BCECF-AM), DAF-FM diacetate, and CM-H2DCFDA, Alexa Fluor 488 and 594 conjugated second antibodies were purchased from Invitrogen (San Diego, CA). Biotin 3′ End DNA Labeling Kit, LightShift® Chemiluminescent EMSA Kit, Biodyne® Precut Nylon Membranes, Lipofectamine LTX reagent, and Renilla-Firefly Luciferase Dual Assay Kit were purchased from Pierce Biotechnology (Rockford, USA). Primary antibodies, including mouse anti-ICAM-1, goat anti-VCAM-1, rabbit anti-E-selectin, mouse anti-NF-κB, mouse anti-p-IκB-α, rabbit anti-HO-1, and rabbit anti-Nrf2, were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (CA, USA). Donkey anti-goat IgG-H+I were purchased from Bethyl (Montgomery, USA) and goat anti-rabbit IgG and goat anti-mouse IgG were purchased from Enzo (Farmingdale, USA).
7
Analytical Characterization of Bioactive Compounds
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Chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid were purchased from Acros Organics (Pittsburgh, PA, USA). Hyperoside and scoparone were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Isoquercitrin and isoChlorogenic acid A were purchased from Biopurify Phytochemicals Ltd. (Chengdu, China). The purity of the six compounds was determined to be ≥97% by HPLC analysis. HPLC-grade reagents, methanol, acetonitrile, and water were obtained from J.T.Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). Glacial acetic acid was of analytical reagent grade and was procured from Junsei (Tokyo, Japan).
8
Phytochemical Isolation and Characterization
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Chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid were purchased from Acros Organics (Pittsburgh, PA, USA). Scopoletin was purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). Isoquercitrin, isoChlorogenic acid A, and isorhamnetin were from Biopurify Phytochemicals Ltd. (Chengdu, China). The purity of the six compounds was determined to be ≥98% by HPLC analysis. HPLC-grade reagents, methanol, acetonitrile, and water were obtained from J.T.Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). Glacial acetic acid was of analytical reagent grade and was procured from Junsei (Tokyo, Japan).
9
Protective Effects of Ascorbic Acid on Lead Exposure in Rats
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Adult female Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: control group (n = 4), Pb group (n = 4), and Pb plus Ascorbic acid (PA) group (n = 4). The doses of Ascorbic acid were adopted from previous studies (Chang et al., 2012; Nam et al., 2018a Nam et al., , 2018b)) . Watersoluble Pb acetate (0.3%; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was dissolved in distilled water with glacial acetic acid (0.05%; Junsei Chemical Co., Tokyo, Japan) to prevent Pb precipitation (Dieter et al., 1993; Nam et al., 2018b) . Ascorbic acid (100 mg/kg; Sigma-Aldrich) for oral administration was freshly prepared in saline daily. To adjust for the effects of stress during oral intubation, rats in the control and Pb groups were orally administered the same volume of saline. Pb and Ascorbic acid treatments were started 1 week prior to the mating day and continued during gestation and delivery of offspring until the end of the experiment on a postnatal day (PND) 21. The body weights of offspring were measured and averaged per every week. To avoid the effects of litter size in the different experimental groups, 6 rat offspring per cage were randomly selected and the remaining offspring were sacrificed. Before sacrifice, the sex of every offspring was recorded. The researchers in the present study conducted experimental procedures carefully to minimize suffering and the number of animals used.
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