Qdr 4500a

Manufactured by Hologic

Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, New Zealand

The QDR 4500A is a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) system designed for bone density measurements. It is a diagnostic medical device used to assess bone mineral density (BMD) and evaluate the risk of osteoporosis.

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QDR-4500A fan-beam densitometer (22 citations) QDR-4500A densitometer (12 citations) QDR 4500A fan beam x-ray bone densitometer (5 citations) Hologic Discovery QDR 4500A densitometer (4 citations) QDR 4500A Discovery scanners (3 citations) QDR 4500A DXA (3 citations) QDR 4500A DXA system (3 citations) Hologic Discovery 4500 (QDR-4500A; (2 citations) QDR® 4500A bone densitometer system (2 citations) QDR 4500A DXA machine (2 citations)

311 protocols using qdr 4500a

Body Composition Measurement using DXA

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In the KNHANES, body composition was measured using DXA (Dual X-ray Absorptiometry; QDR 4500A; Hologic Inc., Bedford, MA, USA). The technicians performed the DXA measurements using a previously described protocol [14 (link)]. The coefficients of variation were 1.9% for the lumbar spine, 2.5% for the femoral neck, and 1.8% for the total femur [14 (link)]. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) was calculated as the sum of the lean mass of the four limbs. The LUR was defined as the lower appendicular skeletal muscle mass divided by the upper appendicular skeletal muscle mass.

Moon H.E., Lee T.S, & Chung T.H. (2022). Association between Lower-to-Upper Ratio of Appendicular Skeletal Muscle and Metabolic Syndrome. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(21), 6309.

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Sarcopenia Diagnosis Using DEXA

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Sarcopenia was designated by the International Classification of Disease by World Health Organization (WHO), and its code was ICD-10-CM (M62.84). The presence of sarcopenia was determined by measuring the appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) (QDR4500A; Hologic, Inc., Bedford, MA, USA). The skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) was calculated as ASM (kg)/BMI (kg/m²). The SMI for sarcopenia determination was <0.789 in males and <0.521 in females, according to the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health Sarcopenia Project in the United States [22 (link)]. The investigator determined sarcopenia based on the calculated SMI. The validity and reliability of DEXA are well-established [23 (link),24 (link),25 (link)].

Hwang J, & Park S. (2022). Gender-Specific Risk Factors and Prevalence for Sarcopenia among Community-Dwelling Young-Old Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(12), 7232.

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DXA Bone and Body Composition Assessment

Cited 1 time

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Bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition were measured with Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (QDR 4500A, fan-beam densitometer, Hologic, Waltham, MA, USA). This method is used for body composition measurements for the evaluation of soft tissue composition, fat mass (FM), lean mass and total mass [16] (link). The variables measured included: Spine BMC and BMD; Femoral neck BMC and BMD; FM/Height; Lean mass/Height; Total and percentage FM; and Total and percentage trunk FM.

Marcos-Pardo P.J., Abelleira-Lamela T., González-Gálvez N., Esparza-Ros F., Espeso-García A, & Vaquero-Cristóbal R. (2022). Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on health parameters and muscle strength of older women: A longitudinal study. Experimental Gerontology, 164, 111814.

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Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry for Bone Density Measurement

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All participants included in the present study underwent BMD testing via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) examinations. The examinations were conducted by certified radiology technologists using Hologic QDR-4500A fan-beam densitometers (Hologic; Bedford, MA), and the data analysis was performed using Hologic APEX, version 4.0, software. Other details about the procedure of BMD testing are available on the NHANES website [20 ]. Moreover, this study analyzed the BMD data of the femoral regions [total femur BMD (TF-BMD) and femoral neck BMD (FN-BMD)] and spinal areas [total spine BMD (TS-BMD)].

Tang Y., Liu J., Feng Z., Liu Z., Wang S., Xia Y, & Geng B. (2022). Nocturnal sleep duration and bone mineral density: a cross-sectional study of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2014. BMC Endocrine Disorders, 22, 333.

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National Health and Nutrition Survey

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We used data of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) as control group. This nationally representative cross-sectional survey includes approximately 10,000 individuals each year as a survey sample and collects information on socioeconomic status, health-related behaviours, quality of life, healthcare utilization, anthropometric measures, biochemical and clinical profiles for non-communicable diseases and dietary intakes with 3 component surveys.[13 (link)] In the data, appendicular tissue mass including fat and lean mass and BMD measured with DXA (QDR 4500A; Hologic Inc., Bedford, MA, USA) were obtained for 2008 to 2011. We extract data of age, sex, BMI, fat and lean mass, BMD from KNHANES data. We obtained control group of 18,698 individuals.

Koo B.S, & Yoon B.H. (2020). Characteristics of Appendicular Tissue Components in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Journal of Bone Metabolism, 27(1), 35-42.

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Femur Neck BMD Measurement Methodology

Cited 1 time

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Femur neck BMD and spine BMD were measured using a Hologic QDR-4500A fan-beam densitometer during 2005–2010. Both BMDs were obtained with a Hologic Discovery model A densitometer (Hologic, Inc., Bedford, MA, USA) in 2013–2014. During 2005–2010, Hologic Discovery v12.4 and APEX v3.0 were used for analyzing the femur and spine scans, respectively. APEX v4.0 was used for the analysis in the two regions in 2013–2014. In this study, we focused on analyzing the femur neck BMD primarily because BMD at the femur neck has the highest predictive value for hip fracture, and the hip is the site of highest clinical relevance^{24 (link)}. We used femur neck BMD over spine BMD in this study because of significant differences in BMD measures between using Discovery v12.4 during 2005–2010 and using APEX v4.0 in 2013–2014, with the exception of the femur neck^{25 (link)}. In NHANES, DXA scans were used for the BMD measurement since the system has a number of advantages, the primary being a consensus that BMD results can be interpreted using the World Health Organization T-score definition of osteoporosis, thus having a proven ability to predict fracture risk^{26 (link)}.

Xu Y, & Wu Q. (2021). Trends in osteoporosis and mean bone density among type 2 diabetes patients in the US from 2005 to 2014. Scientific Reports, 11, 3693.

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Whole-Body DXA Assessment of Body Composition

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For KNHANES, whole body DXA examinations were conducted using a QDR Discovery (formerly, the QDR 4500A) fan beam densitometer (Hologic, Inc., Bedford, MA, USA), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The DXA scanner was calibrated daily using a spine phantom and weekly using a step phantom. DXA examinations were performed with subjects wearing light clothing; any item that could have possibly interfered with results was removed.
A whole body DXA scan was performed on each subject to measure BMC (g), bone mineral density (BMD, g/cm2), fat mass (g), and fat-free mass including BMC (g), along with demographic information. Absolute SMM (appendicular skeletal muscle mass [ASM]), which is regarded a good proxy for total body SMM [11 (link)], was calculated as the sum of muscle mass in arms and legs, assuming that all non-fat and non-bone tissue is skeletal muscle. The following relative SMM values were defined as follows; skeletal muscle index (SMI) adjusted by height = ASM (kg)/height (m) ², %SMM = ASM (kg)/weight (kg) x 100, and MFR = ASM (kg)/body fat mass (kg) [5 (link)].

Kim K., Hong S, & Kim E.Y. (2016). Reference Values of Skeletal Muscle Mass for Korean Children and Adolescents Using Data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2011. PLoS ONE, 11(4), e0153383.

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Noninvasive Bone Density Assessment in Mice

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One day after the last treatment, all animals (n=32) underwent a noninvasive dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scan (DXA) using a software program for small animals (QDR 4500A; Hologic, Bedford, MA). Before scanning, the animals were anesthetized with ketamine/xylazine (45/6 mg/Kg. B.W.). The measurements with repositioning of the body were repeated three times to calculate the mean of bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), fat mass, lean mass, lean mass+BMC, and total mass. The total mass was defined as the sum of the BMC, lean mass, and fat mass, and this was corroborated by the total body weight of the animal at the time of euthanasia.
After regaining consciousness and voluntary movement from anesthesia following the DXA scan, the animals were housed for three days and then euthanized by CO2 inhalation. Blood was then drawn by right cardiac atrial puncture immediately after death but prior to tissue collection.

Rajfer R.A., Flores M., Abraham A., Garcia E., Hinojosa N., Desai M., Artaza J.N, & Ferrini M.G. (2019). Prevention of Osteoporosis in the Ovariectomized Rat by Oral Administration of a Nutraceutical Combination That Stimulates Nitric Oxide Production. Journal of Osteoporosis, 2019, 1592328.

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In Vivo Body Composition Analysis

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At 9 months of age, 1 male from each of 6 different litters in each group (n=6) were anesthetized using Ketamine (90 mg/kg i.p.) and Xylazine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) and placed in a micro-isolator cage with warm water bottles to avoid hypothermia. Rats underwent a short (1–2 min) non-invasive dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan (software program for small animals; QDR 4500A; Hologic, Bedford, MA) to obtain an in vivo scan of body composition.

Desai M., Jellyman J.K., Han G., Lane R.H, & Ross M.G. (2015). Programmed Regulation of Rat Offspring Adipogenic Transcription Factor (PPARγ) by Maternal Nutrition. Journal of developmental origins of health and disease, 6(6), 530-538.

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Longitudinal Growth and Body Composition

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Birth weight was obtained from hospital records. Birth length data were not available. Experienced research assistants measured weight and length during home visits at age 1 year and 2 years. Weight and standing height were measured by research assistants in a data collection site at ages 4, 5, 8, 13, 15 and 18 years. Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) as a general marker of nutritional status and triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness as estimates of fat mass were additional measurements at age 8 years. At age 18 years, dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) (Hologic QDR 4500A) was used to measure whole-body fat and fat-free mass. A trained member of the research team assessed pubertal development between ages 9 and 10 years using the Sexual Maturation Scale (SMS) by Tanner ^{24 , 25}. Subsequent determination of pubertal development was based on annual self-assessments according to the SMS and supported by drawings, descriptions and a tutorial. We have previously shown a high concordance between these self-assessments and assessments undertaken by a healthcare professional in the same population ²⁶. Female subjects and their parents were asked to recall age at menarche in full years on an annual basis from age 9 years.

Salgin B., Norris S.A., Prentice P., Pettifor J.M., Richter L.M., Ong K.K, & Dunger D.B. (2015). Even transient rapid infancy weight gain is associated with higher BMI in young adults and earlier menarche. International journal of obesity (2005), 39(6), 939-944.

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