Zinc chloride

Cupric chloride
(CuCl₂·2H₂O, 99%), zinc chloride (ZnCl₂, 99%), disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na₂HPO₄, 99%), and sodium hydrogen phosphate (NaHPO₄·2H₂O, 99%) were purchased from Fisher Scientific. The nutrient
broth was obtained from HiMedia, ethyl cellulose from CDH, and butylcarbitol
acetate (BCA) from Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals Pvt. Ltd. The anti-E. coli antibody was obtained from Abcam (ab35654).
The structures of zinc oxide and copper oxide were taken from PubChem
(https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) while the structures of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and main receptor
protein (PDB Id: 1CFV) of E. coli strain O157 were taken
from RCSB PDB (https://www.rcsb.org/).
The ligand files that were in the .sdf file format were
first converted into SMILES format for further analyses using an online
web-based converter named Online SMILES converter (https://cactus.nci.nih.gov/translate/). Molecular docking analysis was executed using AutoDock Vina.^{24 (link)}

N-Hydroxysulfosuccinimide sodium salt (NHS), N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), deferoxamine mesylate salt (DFO), MES hydrate buffer, iron standard solution, and aluminium standard solution were purchased from Aldrich and used as received without further purification. Calcium chloride dihydrate and nickelous chloride 6-hydrate were purchased from J. T. Baker and used as received. Zinc chloride, copper reference standard solution, cadmium reference standard solution, and lead reference standard solution were purchased from Fisher and used as received. Magnesium chloride hexahydrate was purchased from EM science Merck kGaA and used as received. Rain water samples were collected from Newark in New Jersey with sampling details in the previous work.64 The sample was diluted 10⁶ times before it was used in this experiment. Highly purified single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) were prepared via the HiPCO process and obtained from Carbon Nanotechnologies. 1,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N[carboxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000] (ammonium salt) (PL–PEG–COOH) was purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids Inc. All solutions were prepared using deionized water (18.2 M) (Nanopore water, Barnstead).

Copper(II) chloride [CuCl₂, 97%], cobalt(II) chloride [CoCl₂, 97%], octadecene [ODE,
90%, technical grade], and di-tert-butyl disulfide
[DTBDS, 97%] were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Zinc chloride [ZnCl₂, 99.95%] and cadmium chloride [CdCl₂, 99.99%]
were purchased from Alfa Aesar. Benzyl ether [BE, 99%] was purchased
from Acros Organics. Trioctylphosphine [TOP, >85%] was purchased
from
TCI America. All solvents (hexanes, isopropyl alcohol [IPA], acetone,
and toluene) were of analytical grade. All of the above chemicals
were used as received without further purification. Distilled oleylamine
[d-OLAM] was obtained via vacuum
distillation of oleylamine [t-OLAM, 70%, technical
grade, Sigma-Aldrich].^{24 (link)}

The reagents, zinc chloride [ZnCl₂·6H₂O], gadolinium chloride [GdCl₃·6H₂O], and cobalt chloride [CoCl₂·4H₂O] were purchased from Alfa-Aesar and used as received.