Citric acid solutions with concentrations of 0.07% (pH = 3.77±0.05, group 1), 0.25% (pH = 3.68±0.05%, group 2) and 1.00% (pH = 3.60±0.05, group 3) were prepared using Citric acid (Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany) and sodium citrate (Sigma, St. Louis, USA) according to international standards [11] . These standards are designed for validating methods to assess hard tissue erosion. One specimen from each tooth was then allocated to one of the solutions, or deionised water (pH 7.57, group 0), with 24 specimens being stored in 1 l of each agitated solution (50 rpm, Innova 40 orbital shaker, New Brunswick, Enfield, USA) for 60 min at 21.2°C. The pH values of all solutions were measured with a pH-meter (GMH, Greisinger, Regenstauf, Germany). After the treatment, the nail varnish was carefully lifted off the samples with a scalpel without contact to the dentin surface. The resulting eroded or sound dentin (groups 1–3 or 0, respectively,) of unprotected (experimental area) and protected surfaces (reference area) was then controlled once more (Stemi). Between analyses, specimens were stored in 0.08% thymolised water at 8°C.
Citric acid
Manufactured by Carl Roth
Sourced in Germany
Citric acid is a carboxylic acid that occurs naturally in citrus fruits. It is a white, crystalline solid with a sour taste. Citric acid is commonly used in various laboratory applications as a pH regulator, chelating agent, and preservative.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Trisodium citrate dihydrate, by Carl Roth (4 mentions)
Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Carl Roth (3 mentions)
Methanol, by Avantor (2 mentions)
Phosphoric acid, by Carl Roth (2 mentions)
L ascorbic acid, by Carl Roth (2 mentions)
Pluronic p123, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Sodium silicate, by Carl Roth (2 mentions)
Acetic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Ethanol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Ammonium hydroxide, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Sodium chloride (nacl), by Carl Roth (2 mentions)
Glycerol, by Chem-Lab (2 mentions)
Milli q, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Honeywell (2 mentions)
Tetraethyl orthosilicate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Acetone, by Honeywell (2 mentions)
Feso4 7h2o, by Honeywell (2 mentions)
Fe2 so4 3 7h2o, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
29 protocols using citric acid
1
Citric Acid Solutions for Dental Erosion
2
Enzymatic modification of industrial lignin
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All used chemicals were of analytical grade. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), 2′azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) and 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany), and citric acid was obtained from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany). Laccase from Myceliopthera thermophila (MtL8) was obtained from Novozymes (51003; Bagsværd, Denmark). Industrial LS from softwood (with pH 3.4; ash content of 4.4% of dry basis; solid content 17.3% w/v; reducing sugars below 100 mg/kg liquid) and the starch adhesives were provided by SAPPI Austria and AGRANA Austria, respectively.
3
Quantification of Prostaglandin Biomarkers
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Citric acid, phosphoric acid, L(+)-ascorbic acid, 1-butanol, and ethyl acetate were from Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany). Oxidized LDL ELISA kits (Cod: 10-1143-01) were from Mercodia (Uppsala, Sweden). The 9α,11α,15S-trihydroxy-prosta-5Z,13E-dien-1-oic-3,3,4,4-d4acid (PGF2α-d4, CAS 34210-11-2), 9β,11β,15R-trihydroxy-(8β,12α)-prosta-5Z,13E-dien-1-oic acid (ent-PGF2α, CAS 54483-31-7), 9α,11α,15S-trihydroxy-(8β)-prosta-5Z,13E-dien-1-oic acid (8-iso PGF2α, CAS 27415-26-5), and (3Z)-5-[(1S,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxy-2-[(1E,3S)-3-hydroxy-1-octen-1-yl]cyclopentyl]-3-pentenoic acid (2,3-dinor-8-isoPGF2α, CAS 221664-05-7) were purchased from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Formic acid was from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). LC-MS-grade water and methanol were purchased from VWR Chemicals (Darmstadt, Germany).
4
Phenolic Compounds Characterization Protocol
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All standards of phenolic compounds were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chem (Steinheim, Germany), Fluka Chemie GmbH (Buchs, Switzerland), or ChromaDex (Santa Ana, USA). Anthocyanins, malvidin 3-O-glucoside (oenin chloride), cyanin 3-O-glucoside chloride (kuromanin chloride), and delphinidin 3-O-glucoside chloride (delphinidin, myrtillin) obtained from AppliChem, petunidin 3-O-glucoside chloride, and peonidin 3-O-glucoside chloride from Phytolab. Methanol and acetonitrile HPLC grade were from Promochem LGC (Wesel, Germany), formic acid from Lach-Ner (Neratovice, Czech Republic), ethanol 96% from Zorka Pharma (Šabac, Serbia), acetic acid 99% from Fluka Chemie GmbH (Buchs, Switzerland) and hydrochloric acid 35%, citric acid and sodium citrate from Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany). 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chem (Steinheim, Germany) while Folin-Ciocalteu reagent from Fluka Chemie GmbH (Buchs, Switzerland).
5
Hydrogel Biomaterial Synthesis and Characterization
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Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC, sodium salt, degree of substitution (DS)COOH = 0.9, Molecualr weight: 700 kDa), phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (Bioperformace certified, pH 7.4), streptomycin and penicillin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Germany. Nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC, 3 wt.% solid content) was purchased from the University of Maine, Process Development Center, USA. Citric acid (CA ≥ 99.5%) was bought from Carl-Roth, Germany. Advanced Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (ADMEM) and Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) were purchased from ThermoFisher, Germany. Ultrapure water (Milli-Q system, Millipore, USA; R > 18.18 M Ω cm) was used for the preparation of all samples.
6
Synthesis of Graphene-Based Hybrid Materials
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The templating agent Pluronic P123 (MW ∼ 5800 g mol−1), sulfuric acid (95–98%), and methylene blue (MB) (98%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Merck, Germany). Citric acid (≥99.5%, anhydrous), trisodium citrate dihydrate (≥99%), hydrochloric acid (37%), hydrogen peroxide (30%), potassium permanganate (≥99%), and sodium silicate (7.8–8.5 wt% Na2O, 25.8–28.5 wt% SiO2) were purchased from Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG (Germany). Graphite (KS6) and phosphoric acid (85%) were acquired from Lonza (Switzerland) and Chemsolute (Th. Geyer GmbH + Co. KG, Germany), respectively. Sodium hydrogen carbonate (ACS Reag. Ph Eur), sodium hydroxide, acetic acid (100%, p.a.), 1-butanol (100%), and toluene (≥99%) were obtained from Merck. Deionized water (DIW) was used for all syntheses.
7
Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Wound Healing
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Mice received 135 mg per kg body weight streptozotocin (STZ, Biomol, Hamburg, Germany) in freshly prepared citrate buffer (0.1 mol L−1 sodium citrate dehydrate (Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany), 0.1 mol L−1 citric acid (Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany), pH 4.5) by intraperitoneal injection once to induce diabetes (Figure S1 , Table S1 ). Blood glucose concentrations and body weight were measured every two days. Surgical intervention to generate skin wounds was performed two weeks after diabetes induction.
8
Diverse Reagent Preparation for Biomolecular Analysis
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Xylene, ethanol, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), and ammonium hydroxide 25% were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Dimethylamine 40% (DMA), 1-Hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate (HOBt), Mayer’s hematoxylin solution, and eosin Y were from Sigma-Aldrich (Taufkirchen, Germany). Anhydrous dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was from Applichem (Darmstadt, Germany). The 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) was from Fluorochem (Hadfield, UK). Acetonitrile (ACN) was from VWR Chemicals (Darmstadt, Germany). Citric acid was from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany). The α-2,4-hydroxycinammic acid (CHCA) was from Bruker Daltonics (Bremen, Germany). PNGase F PRIME was from N-Zyme Scientifics (Doylestown, PA, USA). Dextran hydrolysate (DH) was prepared in-house from dextran (Oxford, UK). Milli-Q grade water was generated in-house using a Water purification system, MilliQ Plus (Merck Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany).
9
Synthesis and Characterization of Colloidal Nanoparticles
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Silver nitrate (Honeywell, 99.8%), indium(III) chloride (Sigma-Aldrich, 98%), L-reduced glutathione (Sigma-Aldrich), 3-mercaptopropionic acid (AppliChem), sodium sulphide (Abcr, 98%), ammonium hydroxide 5 M (Sigma-Aldrich), citric acid (Roth, 99.5%), zinc acetate (Chemsolute, 99.5%), ethanol (Merck, absolute), sodium 3-mercaptopro-1-propanesulfonic acid (ChemPUR), thioglycolic acid (Merck) were used in the present work without additional purification.
10
Polymer-Based Enteric Coatings Characterization
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Polyvinyl acetate phthalate (PVAP, Phthalavin) was kindly donated by Colorcon (Harleysville, PA, USA). HPMCAS LG (hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate) was provided by Shin-Etsu Chemical (Tokyo, Japan). Eudragit L100-55 (methacrylic acid ethylacrylate copolymer, ratio 1:1, L100-55) was provided by Evonik (Darmstadt, Germany). The model drugs indomethacin and dipyridamole were obtained from Swapnroop Drugs and Pharmaceuticals (Aurangabad, India). Particle sizes of the active ingredients are given in Appendix B (determined by laser diffraction). PEG 3000, triethyl citrate (TEC) and methylparabene were purchased from Alfa Aesar (Haverhill, MA, USA). Citric acid was purchased from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany) and sorbitol was provided by Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).
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